{"id":653762,"date":"2026-04-23T01:39:17","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T23:39:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-limoges-le-18-juin-2025-n24-00724\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T01:39:17","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T23:39:17","slug":"cour-dappel-de-limoges-le-18-juin-2025-n24-00724","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/cour-dappel-de-limoges-le-18-juin-2025-n24-00724\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Limoges, le 18 juin 2025, n\u00b024\/00724"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

La cour d’appel de Limoges, statuant en formation commerciale, a rendu un arr\u00eat le 18 juin 2025. Un fournisseur avait consenti un nantissement sur le fonds de commerce de son client dans le cadre d’un plan de sauvegarde. Apr\u00e8s l’apurement complet de la dette, le client a demand\u00e9 la mainlev\u00e9e de cette inscription. Le fournisseur a tard\u00e9 \u00e0 y proc\u00e9der, invoquant un risque financier, jusqu’\u00e0 une assignation en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. Le pr\u00e9sident du tribunal de commerce avait allou\u00e9 une provision au client pour le pr\u00e9judice li\u00e9 \u00e0 ce retard. Saisie d’un appel, la cour d’appel a infirm\u00e9 cette ordonnance. Elle a jug\u00e9 que la demande indemnitaire, fond\u00e9e sur une responsabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9lictuelle, n’\u00e9tait pas de la comp\u00e9tence du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s d\u00e8s lors que l’obligation \u00e9tait s\u00e9rieusement contestable.<\/p>\n

La comp\u00e9tence du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s face \u00e0 une obligation contestable<\/p>\n

Le cadre l\u00e9gal des mesures provisoires en mati\u00e8re commerciale. L’arr\u00eat rappelle le domaine d’intervention du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s commercial tel que d\u00e9fini par les articles 872 et 873 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile. Le juge peut ordonner des mesures qui ne se heurtent \u00e0 aucune contestation s\u00e9rieuse. Il peut \u00e9galement accorder une provision au cr\u00e9ancier lorsque l’existence de l’obligation n’est pas s\u00e9rieusement contestable. La cour applique strictement ce crit\u00e8re de non-contestation s\u00e9rieuse pour d\u00e9limiter la comp\u00e9tence du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

L’inapplicabilit\u00e9 du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 une obligation d\u00e9lictuelle discut\u00e9e. En l’esp\u00e8ce, la cour rel\u00e8ve que la demande de provision \u00e9tait fond\u00e9e sur un comportement fautif du cr\u00e9ancier. Elle estime que le fondement de la responsabilit\u00e9 recherch\u00e9 \u00e9tant d\u00e9lictuel et non contractuel, l’obligation indemnitaire \u00e9tait contestable. “Or, les dispositions de l’article 873 susvis\u00e9es ne permettent d’allouer une provision que pour autant que l’obligation ne soit pas s\u00e9rieusement contestable, ce qui n’est donc pas le cas en l’esp\u00e8ce” (Motifs de la d\u00e9cision). La cour en d\u00e9duit que le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s a exc\u00e9d\u00e9 ses pouvoirs en allouant une provision. Cette solution rappelle que le r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision est cantonn\u00e9 aux obligations incontestables, excluant les litiges complexes sur la faute.<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e limit\u00e9e de la comp\u00e9tence du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s en mati\u00e8re indemnitaire. Cet arr\u00eat pr\u00e9cise la fronti\u00e8re entre l’urgence apparente et l’examen approfondi du fond du droit. Une contestation sur la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de la faute ou l’imputabilit\u00e9 du pr\u00e9judice retire la demande du champ du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. La cour renvoie donc les parties \u00e0 se pourvoir sur le fond, prot\u00e9geant ainsi le droit \u00e0 un d\u00e9bat contradictoire complet. Cette analyse restrictive \u00e9vite de transformer la proc\u00e9dure acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 en un jugement anticip\u00e9 au m\u00e9rite.<\/p>\n

L’appr\u00e9ciation souveraine du pr\u00e9judice et la qualification de l’appel<\/p>\n

L’absence de pr\u00e9judice certain r\u00e9sultant du maintien du nantissement. La cour proc\u00e8de \u00e0 une appr\u00e9ciation concr\u00e8te du pr\u00e9judice all\u00e9gu\u00e9 par le d\u00e9biteur. Elle estime que les difficult\u00e9s financi\u00e8res de ce dernier et la publicit\u00e9 de la proc\u00e9dure collective \u00e9taient des facteurs dissuasifs suffisants pour les tiers. “Alors que la poursuite du plan de redressement et la publicit\u00e9 en d\u00e9coulant \u00e9tait en soi des \u00e9l\u00e9ments suffisants pour dissuader de potentiels fournisseurs” (Motifs de la d\u00e9cision). Ainsi, le lien de causalit\u00e9 entre le retard \u00e0 la mainlev\u00e9e et le pr\u00e9judice commercial n’est pas \u00e9tabli. Cette analyse d\u00e9nie tout caract\u00e8re certain au pr\u00e9judice, renfor\u00e7ant le rejet de la demande en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Le refus de caract\u00e9riser un appel abusif en l’absence de succ\u00e8s int\u00e9gral. Le d\u00e9biteur avait demand\u00e9 la condamnation du fournisseur pour appel abusif. La cour rejette cette demande en consid\u00e9rant que l’appel, ayant abouti \u00e0 l’infirmation de l’ordonnance, n’\u00e9tait pas d\u00e9nu\u00e9 de fondement. “Compte tenu de cette infirmation, le recours de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ALLIANCE HEALTHCARE REPARTITION ne peut \u00eatre qualifi\u00e9 d’abusif” (Motifs de la d\u00e9cision). Cette solution rappelle que le succ\u00e8s partiel ou total de la voie de recours interdit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de sanctionner son auteur pour abus. Elle prot\u00e8ge le droit fondamental au recours juridictionnel.<\/p>\n

La cons\u00e9quence proc\u00e9durale : le renvoi devant le juge du fond. En infirmant l’ordonnance, la cour d’appel statue \u00e0 nouveau et dit n’y avoir lieu \u00e0 r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. Elle renvoie explicitement les parties \u00e0 se pourvoir sur le fond du litige indemnitaire. Cette d\u00e9cision souligne la compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 des proc\u00e9dures. Le r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9, inadapt\u00e9 pour trancher une question d\u00e9licate de responsabilit\u00e9, laisse la place \u00e0 une instance au fond. Le juge du fond pourra alors examiner sereinement la faute \u00e9ventuelle du cr\u00e9ancier, comme \u00e9voqu\u00e9 dans d’autres d\u00e9cisions o\u00f9 “la perte \u00e9tait imputable au fait fautif exclusif du cr\u00e9ancier” (Cass. Chambre commerciale financi\u00e8re et \u00e9conomique, le 20 octobre 2021, n\u00b020-16.980). L’arr\u00eat assure ainsi une saine administration de la justice en r\u00e9servant \u00e0 chaque juridiction son r\u00f4le propre.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La cour d’appel de Limoges, statuant en formation commerciale, a rendu un arr\u00eat le 18 juin 2025. 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Un fournisseur avait consenti un nantissement sur le...","rel":"","context":"In "Cour d'appel"","block_context":{"text":"Cour d'appel","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/category\/cour-dappel\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/clarisse-meyer-jKU2NneZAbI-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/clarisse-meyer-jKU2NneZAbI-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/clarisse-meyer-jKU2NneZAbI-unsplash.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/clarisse-meyer-jKU2NneZAbI-unsplash.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/clarisse-meyer-jKU2NneZAbI-unsplash.webp?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/clarisse-meyer-jKU2NneZAbI-unsplash.webp?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":666096,"url":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/cour-dappel-de-limoges-le-6-septembre-2024-n24-00765\/","url_meta":{"origin":653762,"position":4},"title":"Cour d’appel de Limoges, le 6 septembre 2024, n\u00b024\/00765","author":"Kohen","date":"24 April 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"La Cour d'appel de Limoges, statuant le 6 septembre 2024, examine un litige entre un fournisseur et un \u00e9leveur concernant le paiement de factures. 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Des particuliers assignent leur...","rel":"","context":"In "Jurisprudence"","block_context":{"text":"Jurisprudence","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/category\/jurisprudence\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/les-anderson-OuR30IIMHBI-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/les-anderson-OuR30IIMHBI-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/les-anderson-OuR30IIMHBI-unsplash.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/les-anderson-OuR30IIMHBI-unsplash.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/les-anderson-OuR30IIMHBI-unsplash.webp?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/les-anderson-OuR30IIMHBI-unsplash.webp?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/653762","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/232070755"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=653762"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/653762\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=653762"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=653762"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=653762"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}