{"id":682943,"date":"2026-04-25T18:07:22","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T16:07:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-paris-le-24-juin-2025-n24-08775\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T18:07:22","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T16:07:22","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-paris-le-24-juin-2025-n24-08775","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-paris-le-24-juin-2025-n24-08775\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Paris, le 24 juin 2025, n\u00b024\/08775"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant le 24 juin 2025, examine une demande en paiement relative \u00e0 un cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 la consommation. L’\u00e9tablissement pr\u00eateur sollicite le remboursement imm\u00e9diat du capital restant d\u00fb suite \u00e0 la d\u00e9faillance de l’emprunteur. La juridiction doit v\u00e9rifier les conditions de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme et les cons\u00e9quences de l’inex\u00e9cution. Elle constate l’irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme mais prononce la r\u00e9solution du contrat, ordonnant la restitution du capital per\u00e7u et r\u00e9duisant la clause p\u00e9nale.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme invalid\u00e9e par un formalisme protecteur<\/p>\n

La mise en demeure pr\u00e9alable constitue une condition de fond. La d\u00e9cision rappelle le principe g\u00e9n\u00e9ral selon lequel la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme ne peut \u00eatre acquise sans une mise en demeure pr\u00e9alable rest\u00e9e infructueuse. Elle se fonde sur une jurisprudence constante de la Cour de cassation, pr\u00e9cisant que cette r\u00e8gle s’applique aux pr\u00eats \u00e0 la consommation. “Si le contrat de pr\u00eat d\u2019une somme d\u2019argent peut pr\u00e9voir que la d\u00e9faillance de l\u2019emprunteur non commer\u00e7ant entra\u00eenera la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme, celle-ci ne peut sauf disposition expresse et non \u00e9quivoque, \u00eatre d\u00e9clar\u00e9e acquise au cr\u00e9ancier sans la d\u00e9livrance d\u2019une mise en demeure rest\u00e9e sans effet, pr\u00e9cisant le d\u00e9lai dont dispose le d\u00e9biteur pour y faire obstacle” (Ccass Civ 1\u00e8re, 3 juin 2015 n\u00b014-15655 ; Civ 1\u00e8re, 22 juin 2017 n\u00b0 16-18418). Ce formalisme est d’ordre public et prot\u00e8ge l’emprunteur contre une exigibilit\u00e9 brutale.<\/p>\n

La notification d\u00e9fectueuse entra\u00eene la nullit\u00e9 de la proc\u00e9dure. En l’esp\u00e8ce, le pr\u00eateur a bien envoy\u00e9 un courrier recommand\u00e9 le 24 novembre 2023. Toutefois, ce courrier demandait la r\u00e9gularisation d’impay\u00e9s dans un d\u00e9lai de quinze jours. Un second courrier, dat\u00e9 du 15 mai 2024, a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 adress\u00e9 pour exiger le capital restant d\u00fb. Le juge estime que ce second courrier “ne saurait donc constituer une d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme valable”. La mise en demeure initiale, bien que produite, n’\u00e9tait pas suffisamment pr\u00e9cise quant \u00e0 la cons\u00e9quence de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme. Cette analyse rejoint une jurisprudence r\u00e9cente qui sanctionne les clauses cr\u00e9ant un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre significatif. La Cour de cassation a jug\u00e9 qu’une clause pr\u00e9voyant une r\u00e9siliation de plein droit sans mise en demeure ou sans pr\u00e9avis raisonnable est abusive (Civ. 1re civ., 3 octobre 2024 n\u00b0 21-25.823). La port\u00e9e de ce contr\u00f4le est renforc\u00e9e par le droit europ\u00e9en, garantissant une protection effective du consommateur.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9solution judiciaire comme sanction de l’inex\u00e9cution grave<\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9faut de paiement justifie la r\u00e9solution aux torts de l’emprunteur. La d\u00e9faillance contractuelle, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par plusieurs mois d’impay\u00e9s, est jug\u00e9e suffisamment grave. Le juge use de son pouvoir discr\u00e9tionnaire pour prononcer la r\u00e9solution du contrat en application de l’article 1228 du code civil. Il rappelle que le contrat de pr\u00eat est un contrat \u00e0 ex\u00e9cution instantan\u00e9e, bien que son remboursement soit \u00e9chelonn\u00e9. La r\u00e9solution a donc pour effet de remettre les parties dans leur \u00e9tat ant\u00e9rieur, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l’article 1229 du code civil. L’emprunteur est ainsi tenu de restituer le capital per\u00e7u, d\u00e9duction faite des sommes d\u00e9j\u00e0 rembours\u00e9es. Cette solution permet d’assurer l’\u00e9quilibre contractuel tout en sanctionnant l’inex\u00e9cution.<\/p>\n

Le juge mod\u00e8re les sanctions p\u00e9cuniaires au nom de la proportionnalit\u00e9. L’\u00e9tablissement pr\u00eateur r\u00e9clamait une indemnit\u00e9 forfaitaire de huit pour cent du capital restant d\u00fb, pr\u00e9vue par l’article D.312-16 du code de la consommation. Le juge exerce son pouvoir de mod\u00e9ration pr\u00e9vu \u00e0 l’article 1231-5 du code civil. Il estime que cette clause p\u00e9nale est “manifestement excessive compte tenu du pr\u00e9judice r\u00e9ellement subi” par le pr\u00eateur, qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiera par ailleurs d’int\u00e9r\u00eats moratoires. Il la r\u00e9duit donc \u00e0 un euro symbolique. Par ailleurs, il rejette toute capitalisation des int\u00e9r\u00eats, rappelant le principe de prohibition de l’anatocisme en mati\u00e8re de cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 la consommation, \u00e9nonc\u00e9 \u00e0 l’article L.312-38. La d\u00e9cision consacre ainsi un contr\u00f4le judiciaire strict des cons\u00e9quences p\u00e9cuniaires de la d\u00e9faillance, au b\u00e9n\u00e9fice du consommateur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant le 24 juin 2025, examine une demande en paiement relative \u00e0 un cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 la consommation. 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