{"id":683230,"date":"2026-04-25T18:30:26","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T16:30:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-pau-le-3-juillet-2025-n23-20-539\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T18:30:26","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T16:30:26","slug":"cour-dappel-de-pau-le-3-juillet-2025-n23-20-539","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/cour-dappel-de-pau-le-3-juillet-2025-n23-20-539\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Pau, le 3 juillet 2025, n\u00b023-20.539"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Par un arr\u00eat du 3 juillet 2025, la deuxi\u00e8me chambre civile de la Cour de cassation casse l\u2019arr\u00eat rendu le 17 janvier 2023 par la cour d\u2019appel de Pau. Le litige concerne une saisie immobili\u00e8re engag\u00e9e sur le fondement d\u2019un jugement du 2 mars 1993 confirm\u00e9 le 24 octobre 1996, \u00e0 la suite d\u2019un commandement de payer signifi\u00e9 le 12 mars 2021. Le cr\u00e9ancier a attrait la d\u00e9bitrice et un cr\u00e9ancier inscrit \u00e0 l\u2019audience d\u2019orientation. La d\u00e9bitrice a oppos\u00e9 la prescription d\u00e9cennale des titres, tandis que la cour d\u2019appel a valid\u00e9 le commandement, retenant que les d\u00e9cisions anciennes avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 jointes \u00e0 l\u2019acte. Le pourvoi, sur un moyen pr\u00e9alable, invoquait la violation de l\u2019article 503 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, faute de notification pr\u00e9alable des d\u00e9cisions ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es. La question pos\u00e9e \u00e9tait de savoir si la jonction au commandement des d\u00e9cisions servant de fondement aux poursuites suffisait \u00e0 satisfaire l\u2019exigence de notification r\u00e9sultant des articles 503 et 675 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile. La Cour r\u00e9pond par la n\u00e9gative, rappelant que \u00ab les jugements ne peuvent \u00eatre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9s contre ceux auxquels ils sont oppos\u00e9s qu\u2019apr\u00e8s leur avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 notifi\u00e9s, \u00e0 moins que l\u2019ex\u00e9cution n\u2019en soit volontaire \u00bb et que \u00ab les jugements sont notifi\u00e9s par voie de signification \u00e0 moins que la loi n\u2019en dispose autrement \u00bb. Elle censure le raisonnement d\u2019appel en \u00e9non\u00e7ant que \u00ab la seule jonction au commandement de ces d\u00e9cisions ne peut valoir notification de ces derni\u00e8res \u00bb, de sorte que \u00ab la cour d\u2019appel n\u2019a pas donn\u00e9 de base l\u00e9gale \u00e0 sa d\u00e9cision \u00bb. Elle pr\u00e9cise enfin que la cassation \u00ab entra\u00eene la cassation de tous les autres chefs de dispositif, qui s\u2019y rattachent par un lien de d\u00e9pendance n\u00e9cessaire \u00bb.<\/p>\n

I. Le sens de la d\u00e9cision: l\u2019exigence de notification pr\u00e9alable et son contr\u00f4le<\/p>\n

A. Le rappel normatif et la port\u00e9e des articles 503 et 675 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile<\/p>\n

Le visa cumul\u00e9 des articles 503 et 675 structure la solution autour d\u2019une condition pr\u00e9alable d\u2019ex\u00e9cution. La notification du titre ex\u00e9cutoire n\u2019est pas un simple pr\u00e9alable formel, mais une garantie effective de l\u2019information de la personne contre laquelle il s\u2019ex\u00e9cute. La Cour le rappelle nettement en ces termes: \u00ab les jugements ne peuvent \u00eatre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9s contre ceux auxquels ils sont oppos\u00e9s qu\u2019apr\u00e8s leur avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 notifi\u00e9s, \u00e0 moins que l\u2019ex\u00e9cution n\u2019en soit volontaire \u00bb. Le mode de la notification est encadr\u00e9 avec pr\u00e9cision, puisque \u00ab les jugements sont notifi\u00e9s par voie de signification \u00e0 moins que la loi n\u2019en dispose autrement \u00bb. La signification, accomplie par acte d\u2019huissier de justice, conf\u00e8re date certaine, fait courir les d\u00e9lais et assure la connaissance du contenu d\u00e9cisionnel.<\/p>\n

Cette articulation interdit toute assimilation entre la notification par signification et une remise de documents sans acte ad hoc. L\u2019exigence vise la clart\u00e9 de l\u2019objet de l\u2019acte, son destinataire et ses effets proc\u00e9duraux. Elle proscrit, par principe, les \u00e9quivalents fonctionnels incertains, dont la preuve et la port\u00e9e demeurent contestables. La solution consacre ainsi la centralit\u00e9 de l\u2019acte de signification dans le r\u00e9gime de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution forc\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

B. L\u2019invalidation de l\u2019\u00e9quivalent pr\u00e9tendu: la jonction au commandement ne vaut pas notification<\/p>\n

La cour d\u2019appel avait d\u00e9duit de la pr\u00e9sence, en annexe du commandement, du jugement et de l\u2019arr\u00eat anciens, une notification suffisante. La Cour de cassation rejette ce raisonnement, en rappelant que \u00ab la seule jonction au commandement de ces d\u00e9cisions ne peut valoir notification de ces derni\u00e8res \u00bb. Ce consid\u00e9rant op\u00e8re une distinction nette entre l\u2019information mat\u00e9rielle et la notification juridique, seule apte \u00e0 faire courir les d\u00e9lais et \u00e0 lever l\u2019obstacle de l\u2019article 503.<\/p>\n

Le contr\u00f4le exerc\u00e9 s\u2019inscrit dans la technique de la base l\u00e9gale. En l\u2019absence de v\u00e9rification du contenu pr\u00e9cis de l\u2019acte de signification du commandement, la d\u00e9cision manque son fondement. La Cour exige que soit constat\u00e9 que l\u2019acte \u00ab avait \u00e9galement pour objet de signifier les d\u00e9cisions servant de fondement aux poursuites \u00bb. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut d\u2019une telle constatation, \u00ab la cour d\u2019appel n\u2019a pas donn\u00e9 de base l\u00e9gale \u00e0 sa d\u00e9cision \u00bb. Le commandement valant saisie ne peut suppl\u00e9er la notification initiale du titre sans mention expresse et sans respect des formes, sous peine de fragiliser l\u2019ensemble de la proc\u00e9dure.<\/p>\n

II. Valeur et port\u00e9e: une garantie proc\u00e9durale r\u00e9affirm\u00e9e et des effets pratiques marqu\u00e9s<\/p>\n

A. Une exigence de rigueur protectrice des droits de la d\u00e9fense et de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique<\/p>\n

La solution renforce les garanties proc\u00e9durales \u00e0 un moment d\u00e9cisif de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution forc\u00e9e. Elle assure \u00e0 la personne poursuivie une connaissance certaine du titre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9, de sa teneur et de ses voies de recours, au moyen d\u2019un acte sp\u00e9cialement destin\u00e9 \u00e0 cet effet. En proscrivant toute \u00e9quivalence implicite, la Cour pr\u00e9vient des incertitudes contentieuses nuisibles \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique. Le rappel ferme des textes confirme que l\u2019ex\u00e9cution forc\u00e9e requiert une stricte observance des formes, proportionn\u00e9e aux enjeux patrimoniaux des saisies immobili\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Ce choix s\u2019accorde avec la finalit\u00e9 informationnelle de la signification, qui ne se r\u00e9duit pas \u00e0 une transmission documentaire. L\u2019acte formalise les droits et d\u00e9clenche les d\u00e9lais, ce qu\u2019une annexe ne peut garantir. La solution clarifie la pratique, obligeant les professionnels \u00e0 mentionner explicitement, le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, la double finalit\u00e9 de l\u2019acte instrumentaire, afin d\u2019\u00e9viter toute ambigu\u00eft\u00e9.<\/p>\n

B. Cons\u00e9quences op\u00e9rationnelles sur les saisies immobili\u00e8res et la prescription de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution<\/p>\n

Les incidences pratiques sont imm\u00e9diates pour la conduite des poursuites immobili\u00e8res. L\u2019huissier doit, avant tout acte d\u2019ex\u00e9cution, s\u2019assurer de la signification r\u00e9guli\u00e8re du titre, ou cumuler, dans un acte unique, la signification du commandement et celle des d\u00e9cisions fondatrices, en les identifiant clairement. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut, le commandement encourt la censure, et l\u2019orientation de la proc\u00e9dure se trouve compromise, avec un risque d\u2019annulation en cha\u00eene.<\/p>\n

La solution affecte \u00e9galement la prescription de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution. Seule une signification r\u00e9guli\u00e8re interrompt valablement la prescription des titres ex\u00e9cutoires. Une simple jonction ne produisant aucun effet interruptif, sa substitution fragilise la poursuite et alourdit le risque contentieux. La Cour en tire logiquement la cons\u00e9quence d\u2019une cassation totale, rappelant que la cassation prononc\u00e9e \u00ab entra\u00eene la cassation de tous les autres chefs de dispositif, qui s\u2019y rattachent par un lien de d\u00e9pendance n\u00e9cessaire \u00bb. Le renvoi devant la cour d\u2019appel de Bordeaux s\u2019inscrit alors dans une perspective de reprise proc\u00e9durale conforme aux exigences rappel\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par un arr\u00eat du 3 juillet 2025, la deuxi\u00e8me chambre civile de la Cour de cassation casse l\u2019arr\u00eat rendu le 17 janvier 2023 par la cour d\u2019appel de Pau. Le liti…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68661e7755c314fc83710489","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68661e7755c314fc83710489","_kj_judilibre_id":"68661e7755c314fc83710489","_kj_jur":"Cour de cassation","_kj_lieu":"","_kj_chambre":"Deuxi\u00e8me chambre civile","_kj_rg":"23-20.539","_kj_date":"2025-07-03","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-683230","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Pau, le 3 juillet 2025, n\u00b023-20.539 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Par un arr\u00eat du 3 juillet 2025, la deuxi\u00e8me chambre civile de la Cour de cassation casse l\u2019arr\u00eat rendu le 17 janvier 2023 par la cour d\u2019appel de Pau. 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