{"id":683831,"date":"2026-04-25T19:05:41","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:05:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-basse-terre-le-14-aout-2025-n24-00302\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T19:05:41","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:05:41","slug":"cour-dappel-de-basse-terre-le-14-aout-2025-n24-00302","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/cour-dappel-de-basse-terre-le-14-aout-2025-n24-00302\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Basse-Terre, le 14 ao\u00fbt 2025, n\u00b024\/00302"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La Cour d’appel de Basse-Terre, 2e chambre civile, ao\u00fbt 2025, statue sur un appel dirig\u00e9 contre un jugement de 2024 ayant d\u00e9clar\u00e9 irrecevable, pour prescription, une action en requalification d\u2019un bail professionnel en bail commercial. Les faits tiennent \u00e0 la location, en 2013, de bureaux, suivie d\u2019un avenant de 2016, et \u00e0 l\u2019exploitation par le preneur d\u2019une activit\u00e9 \u00e0 caract\u00e8re commercial. La proc\u00e9dure a connu un incident de cl\u00f4ture, la cour rappelant que \u00ab apr\u00e8s l’ordonnance de cl\u00f4ture, aucune conclusion ne peut \u00eatre d\u00e9pos\u00e9e ni aucune pi\u00e8ce produite aux d\u00e9bats, \u00e0 peine d’irrecevabilit\u00e9 prononc\u00e9e d’office \u00bb. L\u2019appel a \u00e9t\u00e9 jug\u00e9 recevable dans le d\u00e9lai, mais l\u2019action en requalification a \u00e9t\u00e9 tenue prescrite. Le preneur invoquait la fraude pour \u00e9carter la prescription biennale. La cour confirme l\u2019irrecevabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019action, \u00e9carte la fraude, refuse toute indemnisation pour proc\u00e9dure abusive aux intim\u00e9s et statue sur les d\u00e9pens et frais irr\u00e9p\u00e9tibles. La question de droit portait sur l\u2019application de l\u2019article L145-60 du code de commerce \u00e0 la requalification et sur le point de d\u00e9part de la prescription, ainsi que sur l\u2019effet d\u2019une fraude all\u00e9gu\u00e9e du bailleur.<\/p>\n

I. La cons\u00e9cration d\u2019une prescription biennale stricte en mati\u00e8re de requalification<\/p>\n

A. Le point de d\u00e9part \u00e0 la date de conclusion de l\u2019acte
\nLa cour rappelle d\u2019abord la r\u00e8gle de principe gouvernant le contentieux des baux commerciaux. Elle \u00e9nonce que \u00ab les actions exerc\u00e9es en vertu des dispositions des articles L145-1 et suivants, se prescrivent par deux ans \u00bb. La solution est ensuite pr\u00e9cis\u00e9e quant \u00e0 la computation du d\u00e9lai. Elle juge que \u00ab par principe, ce d\u00e9lai de prescription court \u00e0 compter de la date de conclusion du contrat de bail dont la requalification est sollicit\u00e9e, puisque c’est d\u00e8s cette date que le preneur a n\u00e9cessairement connaissance des faits avanc\u00e9s au soutien de cette requalification \u00bb. En pla\u00e7ant le point de d\u00e9part au jour de la signature de l\u2019avenant de 2016, la cour constate l\u2019extinction du droit d\u2019agir en 2018, l\u2019assignation ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9livr\u00e9e en 2022. La motivation articule ainsi un double objectif de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique et de discipline temporelle des actions, qui interdit de diff\u00e9rer artificiellement le d\u00e9clenchement du d\u00e9lai.<\/p>\n

B. L\u2019exception de fraude cantonn\u00e9e \u00e0 une preuve exigeante
\nLa cour n\u2019ignore pas que l\u2019ordre public du statut des baux commerciaux peut neutraliser la prescription lorsqu\u2019une fraude est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e. Elle affirme, de mani\u00e8re nette, qu\u2019\u00ab en droit, il est constant que la fraude du bailleur aux droits du preneur dans le cadre du statut protecteur des baux commerciaux lui interdit de se pr\u00e9valoir de la prescription biennale sus-rappel\u00e9e \u00bb. Elle exige toutefois une d\u00e9monstration positive et circonstanci\u00e9e. Elle souligne que \u00ab il ne suffit pas \u00e0 caract\u00e9riser la fraude imput\u00e9e au bailleur, laquelle ne se pr\u00e9sume pas, doit \u00eatre d\u00e9montr\u00e9e par celui qui l’invoque aux d\u00e9pens de son co-contractant et ne peut \u00eatre inf\u00e9r\u00e9e de la seule circonstance que la vraie nature du bail est commerciale, \u00e0 d\u00e9faut de quoi les dispositions de l’article L145-60 sur la prescription seraient \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard vid\u00e9es de toute substance \u00bb. L\u2019analyse des attestations et pi\u00e8ces, souvent post\u00e9rieures aux signatures et d\u00e9pourvues de lien probant avec la formation du contrat, conduit logiquement au rejet de la fraude et, partant, \u00e0 l\u2019opposabilit\u00e9 de la prescription.<\/p>\n

II. La valeur et la port\u00e9e de la solution au regard du droit positif<\/p>\n

A. Une solution coh\u00e9rente avec la finalit\u00e9 de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du statut
\nLa d\u00e9cision est conforme \u00e0 la lettre de l\u2019article L145-60 et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9conomie du statut. En fixant le point de d\u00e9part \u00e0 la conclusion de l\u2019acte, elle \u00e9vite des incertitudes li\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019exploitation ult\u00e9rieure et s\u00e9curise les relations contractuelles. La r\u00e9serve tenant \u00e0 la fraude est maintenue, mais soumise \u00e0 une charge de la preuve rigoureuse, ce qui pr\u00e9serve l\u2019exception sans la transformer en voie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale d\u2019\u00e9vitement du d\u00e9lai. La formule \u00ab \u00e0 d\u00e9faut de quoi les dispositions de l’article L145-60 sur la prescription seraient \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard vid\u00e9es de toute substance \u00bb exprime avec justesse la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019un \u00e9quilibre entre protection du preneur et stabilit\u00e9 des situations.<\/p>\n

B. Des rappels proc\u00e9duraux et pratiques d\u2019ample port\u00e9e
\nL\u2019arr\u00eat d\u00e9livre, en outre, deux enseignements pratiques. D\u2019une part, la rigueur proc\u00e9durale s\u2019affirme avec la r\u00e8gle selon laquelle \u00ab apr\u00e8s l’ordonnance de cl\u00f4ture, aucune conclusion ne peut \u00eatre d\u00e9pos\u00e9e ni aucune pi\u00e8ce produite aux d\u00e9bats, \u00e0 peine d’irrecevabilit\u00e9 prononc\u00e9e d’office \u00bb. D\u2019autre part, la responsabilit\u00e9 pour proc\u00e9dure abusive demeure strictement cantonn\u00e9e, la cour rappelant que \u00ab le droit d’agir en justice est quasi absolu [\u2026] si bien que son exercice ne peut donner lieu \u00e0 indemnisation [\u2026] que s’il est d\u00e9montr\u00e9 qu’il n’a \u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 que par l’intention de nuire \u00bb. Cette derni\u00e8re pr\u00e9cision prot\u00e8ge l\u2019acc\u00e8s au juge tout en distinguant nettement la sanction de l\u2019abus des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019allocation des frais irr\u00e9p\u00e9tibles et d\u00e9pens. L\u2019ensemble dessine une ligne claire : agir vite pour requalifier, prouver la fraude si elle est all\u00e9gu\u00e9e, et respecter la discipline du proc\u00e8s jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la cl\u00f4ture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La Cour d’appel de Basse-Terre, 2e chambre civile, ao\u00fbt 2025, statue sur un appel dirig\u00e9 contre un jugement de 2024 ayant d\u00e9clar\u00e9 irrecevable, pour prescript…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":4915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68a708122ead6670a1a86fc4","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68a708122ead6670a1a86fc4","_kj_judilibre_id":"68a708122ead6670a1a86fc4","_kj_jur":"Cour d'appel","_kj_lieu":"Basse-Terre","_kj_chambre":"2\u00e8me chambre","_kj_rg":"24\/00302","_kj_date":"2025-08-14","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-683831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Basse-Terre, le 14 ao\u00fbt 2025, n\u00b024\/00302 - 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