{"id":684418,"date":"2026-04-25T19:37:05","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:37:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-aix-en-provence-le-3-juillet-2025-n24-11455\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T19:37:05","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:37:05","slug":"cour-dappel-de-aix-en-provence-le-3-juillet-2025-n24-11455","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/cour-dappel-de-aix-en-provence-le-3-juillet-2025-n24-11455\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Aix-en-Provence, le 3 juillet 2025, n\u00b024\/11455"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Par un arr\u00eat de la Cour d’appel d’Aix-en-Provence du 3 juillet 2025, la juridiction statue en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 sur un litige de bail commercial. La bailleresse invoquait une clause r\u00e9solutoire apr\u00e8s un commandement de payer, la locataire opposait l’impossibilit\u00e9 d’exploiter des locaux affect\u00e9s par d’importants d\u00e9sordres. Le premier juge avait rejet\u00e9 la r\u00e9siliation, ordonn\u00e9 aucune expulsion, et accord\u00e9 une provision destin\u00e9e \u00e0 compenser les frais directement li\u00e9s \u00e0 l’inexploitabilit\u00e9. L’appelante demandait l’acquisition de la clause, l’expulsion, une provision locative, et l’infirmation de la provision allou\u00e9e au preneur. La question portait sur les exigences pesant sur le commandement, la port\u00e9e d’une exception d’inex\u00e9cution, et les conditions d’octroi de provisions en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. La cour confirme l’ordonnance, juge le commandement irr\u00e9gulier faute de d\u00e9compte circonstanci\u00e9, admet l’exception d’inex\u00e9cution, et maintient les provisions accord\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

I. La mise en \u0153uvre de la clause r\u00e9solutoire en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9<\/p>\n

A. Les exigences du commandement et le contr\u00f4le du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s<\/p>\n

La cour rappelle que l’acquisition d’une clause r\u00e9solutoire suppose un commandement r\u00e9gulier, laissant au preneur un mois et d\u00e9taillant pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les causes de la mise en demeure. \u00ab En rappelant ainsi qu’il ne rel\u00e8ve pas des pouvoirs du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s de prononcer la nullit\u00e9 du commandement de payer, le premier juge a fait une exacte appr\u00e9ciation de l’\u00e9tendue de ceux-ci \u00bb. La critique articul\u00e9e autour de l’article R. 221-1 du code des proc\u00e9dures civiles d’ex\u00e9cution est \u00e9cart\u00e9e comme inapplicable au commandement visant la clause r\u00e9solutoire. Le contr\u00f4le exerc\u00e9 en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 porte d\u00e8s lors sur l’existence d’une contestation s\u00e9rieuse, appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e \u00e0 l’aune d’\u00e9ventuelles irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s affectant l’acte de commandement.<\/p>\n

Constatant l’absence d’un d\u00e9compte pr\u00e9cis et circonstanci\u00e9, la cour affirme l’exigence d’un acte suffisamment d\u00e9taill\u00e9 pour informer utilement le locataire. \u00ab Il doit ainsi \u00eatre rappel\u00e9 qu’un commandement de payer doit \u00eatre \u00e9tabli de mani\u00e8re suffisamment d\u00e9taill\u00e9e pour permettre au preneur de connaitre avec pr\u00e9cision la nature et l’\u00e9tendue des manquements contractuels qui lui sont reproch\u00e9s \u00bb. \u00ab D\u00e8s lors et faute de viser le d\u00e9tail pr\u00e9cis et circonstanci\u00e9 des causes des sommes, dont le paiement est requis dans le d\u00e9lai d’un mois, le commandement de payer ne saurait produire d’effet, pour \u00eatre entach\u00e9 d’irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9 \u00bb. La solution prot\u00e8ge l’information du preneur et cantonne l’office du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 un crible de plausibilit\u00e9, sans pr\u00e9juger du fond.<\/p>\n

B. L\u2019exception d\u2019inex\u00e9cution et l\u2019obligation de d\u00e9livrance conforme<\/p>\n

L’immeuble pr\u00e9sentait des fissurations affectant planchers, appuis et caves, r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es par un avis technique intervenu quelques mois apr\u00e8s l’entr\u00e9e dans les lieux. Le document \u00e9voque que \u00ab dans ces conditions le site pourra \u00eatre remis temporairement \u00e0 disposition de l’exploitant \u00bb. La cour souligne que cette remise pr\u00e9suppose des mesures pr\u00e9alables de s\u00e9curisation et d’investigation, excluant tout am\u00e9nagement structurel et conditionnant l’exploitation.<\/p>\n

Face \u00e0 cette situation, l’obligation de d\u00e9livrance conforme n’\u00e9tait pas satisfaite, ce qui justifiait la suspension corr\u00e9lative du paiement au titre de l’exception d’inex\u00e9cution. \u00ab A la lumi\u00e8re de ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments, et des risques, qui auraient pu, \u00e0 court ou moyen terme, r\u00e9sulter d’une exploitation du local sans que ne soit pr\u00e9alablement entreprises les premi\u00e8res mesures de rem\u00e9diation des d\u00e9sordres, c’est \u00e0 bon droit que le premier juge a pu retenir l’exception d’inex\u00e9cution, soulev\u00e9e par la preneuse, d\u00e8s lors que la bailleresse a, \u00e0 l’\u00e9vidence, manqu\u00e9 \u00e0 son devoir de d\u00e9livrance conforme \u00bb. La solution articule pragmatiquement s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des personnes, \u00e9quilibre synallagmatique, et exigence de loyers corr\u00e9latifs \u00e0 une jouissance effective des lieux.<\/p>\n

II. Le r\u00e9gime des provisions en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9<\/p>\n

A. Le crit\u00e8re de l\u2019obligation non s\u00e9rieusement contestable<\/p>\n

L’octroi d’une provision suppose une obligation non s\u00e9rieusement contestable, appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e in concreto au jour o\u00f9 la cour statue. \u00ab C’est enfin au moment o\u00f9 la cour statue qu’elle doit appr\u00e9cier l’existence d’une contestation s\u00e9rieuse, le litige n’\u00e9tant pas fig\u00e9 par les positions initiale ou ant\u00e9rieures des parties dans l’articulation de ce moyen \u00bb. \u00ab A l’inverse, sera \u00e9cart\u00e9e une contestation qui serait \u00e0 l’\u00e9vidence superficielle ou artificielle, le montant de la provision n’ayant alors d’autre limite que le montant non s\u00e9rieusement contestable de la cr\u00e9ance all\u00e9gu\u00e9e \u00bb. Inversement, la contestation superficielle ou artificielle est \u00e9cart\u00e9e, sans emp\u00eacher un examen au fond ult\u00e9rieur plus fin et contradictoire.<\/p>\n

B. L\u2019\u00e9valuation des postes indemnitaires li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019inexploitabilit\u00e9<\/p>\n

Les chefs indemnitaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 appr\u00e9ci\u00e9s s\u00e9par\u00e9ment, \u00e0 l’aune de pi\u00e8ces vers\u00e9es et de l’imputabilit\u00e9 directe aux d\u00e9sordres rendant le local inexploitable. \u00ab Les contestations \u00e9lev\u00e9es de ces chefs ne pr\u00e9sentent pas de caract\u00e8re s\u00e9rieux \u00bb. L’acompte au prestataire, les loyers du commerce et de l’entrep\u00f4t, ainsi que l’indemnit\u00e9 de r\u00e9siliation, pr\u00e9sentent un lien causal imm\u00e9diat et certain. La somme provisionnelle globale confirme cette approche, en retenant uniquement les charges justifi\u00e9es par pi\u00e8ces et directement command\u00e9es par l’inex\u00e9cution de l’obligation de d\u00e9livrance.<\/p>\n

La m\u00e9thode respecte la nature de la mesure, calibr\u00e9e pour pr\u00e9venir un dommage financier imm\u00e9diat sans trancher irr\u00e9vocablement le d\u00e9bat indemnitaire. \u00ab le montant de la provision n’ayant alors d’autre limite que le montant non s\u00e9rieusement contestable de la cr\u00e9ance all\u00e9gu\u00e9e \u00bb. La coh\u00e9rence d’ensemble se lit enfin dans la sym\u00e9trie retenue, rejetant la provision locative de la bailleresse et confirmant celle allou\u00e9e au preneur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par un arr\u00eat de la Cour d’appel d’Aix-en-Provence du 3 juillet 2025, la juridiction statue en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 sur un litige de bail commercial. La bailleresse invoqua…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9467,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68676bdbfdaf41a8356be681","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68676bdbfdaf41a8356be681","_kj_judilibre_id":"68676bdbfdaf41a8356be681","_kj_jur":"Cour d'appel","_kj_lieu":"Aix-en-Provence","_kj_chambre":"Chambre 1-2","_kj_rg":"24\/11455","_kj_date":"2025-07-03","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-684418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Aix-en-Provence, le 3 juillet 2025, n\u00b024\/11455 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Par un arr\u00eat de la Cour d'appel d'Aix-en-Provence du 3 juillet 2025, la juridiction statue en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 sur un litige de bail commercial. 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Le bailleur demandait la constatation de l'acquisition d'une clause r\u00e9so...","rel":"","context":"In "Immobilier"","block_context":{"text":"Immobilier","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/category\/immobilier\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/frank-van-hulst-DNYn_v6WVJo-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/frank-van-hulst-DNYn_v6WVJo-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/frank-van-hulst-DNYn_v6WVJo-unsplash.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/frank-van-hulst-DNYn_v6WVJo-unsplash.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/frank-van-hulst-DNYn_v6WVJo-unsplash.webp?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/frank-van-hulst-DNYn_v6WVJo-unsplash.webp?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/684418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/232070755"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=684418"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/684418\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9467"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=684418"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=684418"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=684418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}