{"id":684746,"date":"2026-04-25T19:56:15","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:56:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-le-16-juin-2025-n25-00018\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T19:56:15","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:56:15","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-le-16-juin-2025-n25-00018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/tribunal-judiciaire-le-16-juin-2025-n25-00018\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire, le 16 juin 2025, n\u00b025\/00018"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Bordeaux, ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 16 juin 2025 (RG 25\/00018), relative \u00e0 un bail commercial, tranche plusieurs questions d\u2019ex\u00e9cution imm\u00e9diate. Elle \u00e9claire l\u2019articulation entre provision, clause r\u00e9solutoire et d\u00e9lais de gr\u00e2ce, dans le cadre proc\u00e9dural des articles 834, 835 et L.145-41.<\/p>\n

Les parties avaient d\u2019abord conclu un bail de courte dur\u00e9e en ao\u00fbt 2020, puis un bail commercial en septembre 2022 pour l\u2019exploitation des m\u00eames locaux. Rest\u00e9es impay\u00e9es, les taxes fonci\u00e8res du premier bail et les loyers du second ont motiv\u00e9 un commandement visant la clause r\u00e9solutoire, d\u00e9livr\u00e9 le 3 septembre 2024.<\/p>\n

Assign\u00e9e en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 en novembre 2024, la locataire a demand\u00e9 l\u2019annulation du commandement relatif aux taxes et des d\u00e9lais de deux ans avec suspension. Le bailleur a sollicit\u00e9 la constatation de la clause r\u00e9solutoire, l\u2019expulsion, des provisions importantes et des indemnit\u00e9s contractuelles, en sus des d\u00e9pens.<\/p>\n

La question centrale portait sur la validit\u00e9 d\u2019un commandement tardif pour taxes d\u00e9rogatoires, et sur l\u2019\u00e9tendue des pouvoirs du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s en mati\u00e8re locative. La juridiction admet la demande provisionnelle sur taxes, constate l\u2019acquisition de la clause r\u00e9solutoire, puis suspend ses effets sous condition d\u2019un \u00e9chelonnement raisonnable. Sur le premier point, elle affirme que \u00ab il ne peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 que ce commandement de payer est nul \u00bb.<\/p>\n

I \u2013 Le traitement des obligations locatives en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019ordonnance repose sur la distinction des fondements invoqu\u00e9s et sur l\u2019identification d\u2019obligations non s\u00e9rieusement contestables.<\/p>\n

A \u2013 Commandement tardif et provision sur taxes fonci\u00e8res<\/p>\n

Le juge rappelle d\u2019abord le cadre du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision en citant l\u2019article 835, selon lequel \u00ab L’article 835 permet au juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s lorsque l’obligation n’est pas s\u00e9rieusement contestable, d’allouer une provision au cr\u00e9ancier \u00bb. La demande relative aux taxes du bail d\u00e9rogatoire n\u2019\u00e9tait pas prescrite et n\u2019appelait aucune contestation s\u00e9rieuse, malgr\u00e9 la d\u00e9livrance tardive du commandement. En cons\u00e9quence, la provision de 1.826,29 euros est accord\u00e9e, l\u2019ordonnance pr\u00e9cisant que \u00ab il ne peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 que ce commandement de payer est nul \u00bb. Le caract\u00e8re tardif est express\u00e9ment neutralis\u00e9, le juge estimant qu\u2019en l\u2019absence de prescription la dette subsiste et justifie la mesure provisionnelle.<\/p>\n

B \u2013 Obligation locative certaine et constat de la clause r\u00e9solutoire<\/p>\n

La cr\u00e9ance de loyers et charges du bail commercial est fix\u00e9e \u00e0 24.977,11 euros, selon des justificatifs concordants produits par les parties et non s\u00e9rieusement contest\u00e9s. La r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 du commandement est retenue, la d\u00e9cision relevant que \u00ab qu’un commandement de payer visant la clause r\u00e9solutoire et reproduisant le d\u00e9lai a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement signifi\u00e9 le 3 septembre 2024 ; \u00bb. Faute de paiement dans le d\u00e9lai l\u00e9gal, l\u2019ordonnance \u00ab Constate l’acquisition de la clause r\u00e9solutoire \u00bb et alloue une provision \u00e9gale \u00e0 l\u2019arri\u00e9r\u00e9 locatif arr\u00eat\u00e9 au deuxi\u00e8me trimestre 2025. La r\u00e9siliation est fix\u00e9e au 3 octobre 2024, date d\u2019expiration du d\u00e9lai d\u2019un mois attach\u00e9 au commandement reproduisant la mention requise. Ce faisant, l\u2019office du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s est pleinement respect\u00e9: constater une obligation non contestable et en tirer les cons\u00e9quences, sans pr\u00e9juger du fond.<\/p>\n

II \u2013 La modulation judiciaire et ses limites<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s avoir constat\u00e9 la r\u00e9siliation de plein droit, la juridiction organise un traitement curatif destin\u00e9 \u00e0 m\u00e9nager la continuit\u00e9 d\u2019exploitation sans d\u00e9naturer la r\u00e8gle l\u00e9gale.<\/p>\n

A \u2013 Suspension des effets au titre de l\u2019article L.145-41<\/p>\n

L\u2019ordonnance rappelle la facult\u00e9 offerte par le texte sp\u00e9cial: \u00ab Il permet au juge saisi d\u2019une demande de d\u00e9lai de gr\u00e2ce peut suspendre la r\u00e9alisation et les effets de la clause r\u00e9solutoire \u00bb. La d\u00e9cision concr\u00e9tise cette latitude, en ce qu\u2019elle \u00ab Ordonne la suspension des effets de la clause r\u00e9solutoire pendant le cours de ces d\u00e9lais \u00bb. Le choix d\u2019\u00e9ch\u00e9ances mensuelles de 1.100 euros appara\u00eet proportionn\u00e9 \u00e0 la situation comptable, tout en imposant une rigueur absolue pour pr\u00e9server l\u2019\u00e9quilibre contractuel. La clause est neutralis\u00e9e par anticipation si les d\u00e9lais sont respect\u00e9s, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nonc\u00e9 selon lequel \u00ab la clause r\u00e9solutoire sera r\u00e9put\u00e9e n\u2019avoir jamais jou\u00e9 \u00bb. Le motif reprend d\u2019ailleurs l\u2019\u00e9conomie l\u00e9gale: \u00ab La clause r\u00e9solutoire dans ce cas ne joue pas si le locataire se lib\u00e8re dans les conditions fix\u00e9es par le juge \u00bb.<\/p>\n

B \u2013 Limites de l\u2019office: clauses p\u00e9nales, indemnit\u00e9 et ex\u00e9cution<\/p>\n

Le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s refuse \u00e0 bon droit de statuer sur les p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s contractuelles, rappelant que \u00ab Le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s n’a pas vocation \u00e0 statuer sur l\u2019application de p\u00e9nalit\u00e9s contractuelles ; il n\u2019y a pas lieu \u00e0 r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 de ce chef \u00bb. Cette autolimitation pr\u00e9serve la comp\u00e9tence du fond pour mod\u00e9rer d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles clauses p\u00e9nales, conform\u00e9ment au r\u00e9gime applicable et aux n\u00e9cessit\u00e9s d\u2019une appr\u00e9ciation circonstanci\u00e9e. L\u2019ordonnance fixe une indemnit\u00e9 d\u2019occupation au niveau du loyer contractuel augment\u00e9 des charges, ce qui assure la conservation des droits pendant la p\u00e9riode transitoire. Enfin, la sanction en cas de d\u00e9faillance est gradu\u00e9e et lisible, avec d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme, exigibilit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate, expulsion et ex\u00e9cution forc\u00e9e suivant les textes d\u2019application.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bordeaux, ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 16 juin 2025 (RG 25\/00018), relative \u00e0 un bail commercial, tranche plusieurs questions d\u2019ex\u00e9cution imm\u00e9diate. Elle \u00e9claire …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9666,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68505d132208eb4aca79ca88","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68505d132208eb4aca79ca88","_kj_judilibre_id":"68505d132208eb4aca79ca88","_kj_jur":"Tribunal judiciaire","_kj_lieu":"Bordeaux","_kj_chambre":"REFERES 1\u00e8re Section","_kj_rg":"25\/00018","_kj_date":"2025-06-16","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-684746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire, le 16 juin 2025, n\u00b025\/00018 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bordeaux, ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 16 juin 2025 (RG 25\/00018), relative \u00e0 un bail commercial, tranche plusieurs questions d\u2019ex\u00e9cution imm\u00e9diate. 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