{"id":684772,"date":"2026-04-25T19:58:28","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:58:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-rouen-le-16-octobre-2024-n24-03882\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T19:58:28","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:58:28","slug":"cour-dappel-de-rouen-le-16-octobre-2024-n24-03882","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/cour-dappel-de-rouen-le-16-octobre-2024-n24-03882\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Rouen, le 16 octobre 2024, n\u00b024\/03882"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La cour d\u2019appel de Rouen, 13 ao\u00fbt 2025 (1re chambre civile), statue sur l\u2019appel d\u2019une ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 rendue le 16 octobre 2024 par le tribunal judiciaire de Dieppe. Le litige na\u00eet d\u2019une vente d\u2019un v\u00e9hicule d\u2019occasion, suivie d\u2019infiltrations entra\u00eenant des pannes \u00e9lectriques, puis d\u2019une demande de provision au titre d\u2019un pr\u00e9judice de jouissance.<\/p>\n

L\u2019acheteuse a assign\u00e9 en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 pour obtenir une expertise et une provision. Le vendeur a appel\u00e9 en intervention forc\u00e9e la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 venderesse initiale. L\u2019ordonnance a ordonn\u00e9 l\u2019expertise et condamn\u00e9 le vendeur au paiement d\u2019une provision de 14 400 euros, calcul\u00e9e sur une base mensuelle. Le vendeur a interjet\u00e9 appel en soutenant l\u2019existence d\u2019une contestation s\u00e9rieuse tant sur le principe que sur le montant. L\u2019acheteuse a sollicit\u00e9 la confirmation, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 appel\u00e9e s\u2019en rapportant.<\/p>\n

La question pos\u00e9e r\u00e9side dans les conditions d\u2019octroi d\u2019une provision sur le fondement de l\u2019article 835 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, lorsque la responsabilit\u00e9 du vendeur est all\u00e9gu\u00e9e au titre de la garantie des vices cach\u00e9s et que l\u2019expertise est en cours. La cour d\u2019appel infirme la provision, jugeant la cr\u00e9ance s\u00e9rieusement contestable au regard d\u2019un dossier probatoire lacunaire et d\u2019une immobilisation non \u00e9tablie avec certitude.<\/p>\n

I. Le cadre du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision et sa mise en \u0153uvre<\/p>\n

A. La norme applicable et l\u2019office du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s<\/p>\n

L\u2019arr\u00eat rappelle la lettre et l\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019article 835. Il \u00e9nonce d\u2019abord: \u00ab Aux termes de l’article 835 alin\u00e9a 2 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, dans les cas o\u00f9 l’existence de l’obligation n’est pas s\u00e9rieusement contestable, le pr\u00e9sident du tribunal judiciaire peut accorder une provision au cr\u00e9ancier. \u00bb Cette formule place d\u2019embl\u00e9e la barre probatoire sur l\u2019incontestabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019obligation all\u00e9gu\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision pr\u00e9cise la r\u00e9partition des charges: \u00ab S’il appartient au demandeur \u00e0 une provision d’\u00e9tablir l’existence de la cr\u00e9ance qu’il invoque, c’est \u00e0 son adversaire de prouver que cette cr\u00e9ance est s\u00e9rieusement contestable. \u00bb L\u2019office du juge se concentre sur l\u2019\u00e9vidence de la dette, non sur la r\u00e9solution anticip\u00e9e du fond.<\/p>\n

Elle d\u00e9finit enfin le crit\u00e8re op\u00e9ratoire: \u00ab Le crit\u00e8re d’octroi d’une provision est donc l’absence de contestation s\u00e9rieuse sur l’existence de la cr\u00e9ance. \u00bb Puis, elle d\u00e9crit la contestation s\u00e9rieuse: \u00ab Une contestation s\u00e9rieuse est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e lorsque l’un des moyens de d\u00e9fense oppos\u00e9s aux pr\u00e9tentions du demandeur n’appara\u00eet pas imm\u00e9diatement vain et laisse subsister un doute sur le sens de la d\u00e9cision au fond qui pourrait \u00e9ventuellement intervenir par la suite sur ce point si les parties entendaient saisir le juge du fond. \u00bb Ainsi, l\u2019outil de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision demeure r\u00e9solument conservatoire, r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux cr\u00e9ances d\u2019\u00e9vidence.<\/p>\n

B. L\u2019appr\u00e9ciation des \u00e9l\u00e9ments produits et la qualification de la contestation<\/p>\n

Appliquant ces principes, la cour d\u2019appel examine les pi\u00e8ces relatives aux d\u00e9sordres et \u00e0 la pr\u00e9tendue immobilisation. Elle souligne un d\u00e9ficit d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments chiffr\u00e9s et dat\u00e9s, ainsi qu\u2019une absence de continuit\u00e9 documentaire entre la vente et les incidents all\u00e9gu\u00e9s. Elle constate: \u00ab Elle communique le courriel susvis\u00e9 du garagiste mais n’assortit pas cette production de la pi\u00e8ce jointe soit l’ordre de r\u00e9paration d\u00e9crivant et \u00e9valuant les travaux utiles. \u00bb La preuve de la gravit\u00e9 et de l\u2019origine des d\u00e9fauts n\u2019est pas \u00e9tay\u00e9e par des devis circonstanci\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

L\u2019arr\u00eat insiste sur l\u2019incertitude entourant l\u2019usage du v\u00e9hicule: \u00ab En outre, l’obligation d’immobiliser le v\u00e9hicule n’est pas une information incontestable alors que tant le vendeur que l’acqu\u00e9reur ne verse chacun qu’une facture pour des frais mineurs. \u00bb Faute de d\u00e9monstration convaincante, l\u2019existence m\u00eame du pr\u00e9judice de jouissance, comme sa dur\u00e9e, restent hypoth\u00e9tiques. La cour rel\u00e8ve encore la faiblesse de l\u2019argumentaire quant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9valuation: \u00ab Sa demande n’est aucunement circonstanci\u00e9e. \u00bb Le crit\u00e8re de l\u2019incontestabilit\u00e9 fait ainsi d\u00e9faut, ce qui commande l\u2019infirmation de la provision.<\/p>\n

II. Valeur et port\u00e9e de la solution<\/p>\n

A. Une exigence probatoire coh\u00e9rente avec la nature du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9<\/p>\n

La solution retient une conception exigeante mais coh\u00e9rente du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision. Le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s ne pr\u00e9juge pas le fond, il v\u00e9rifie l\u2019absence de doute raisonnable. Lorsque l\u2019expertise est en cours, l\u2019\u00e9vidence doit pr\u00e9exister aux op\u00e9rations techniques. L\u2019arr\u00eat \u00e9pouse cette logique en subordonnant l\u2019allocation d\u2019une somme \u00e0 des \u00e9l\u00e9ments pr\u00e9cis, dat\u00e9s, chiffr\u00e9s, et reli\u00e9s causalement aux d\u00e9sordres invoqu\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Cette rigueur prot\u00e8ge la neutralit\u00e9 du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s et \u00e9vite un financement provisoire d\u2019un pr\u00e9judice incertain. Elle invite \u00e0 distinguer l\u2019organisation d\u2019une mesure d\u2019instruction, possible sur le simple motif d\u2019utilit\u00e9, de l\u2019octroi d\u2019une provision, r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux cr\u00e9ances manifestes. La charge all\u00e9gu\u00e9e d\u2019immobilisation, non corrobor\u00e9e par des ordres de r\u00e9paration ni par des \u00e9valuations de remise en \u00e9tat, ne peut suffire \u00e0 franchir ce seuil.<\/p>\n

B. Incidences pratiques en mati\u00e8re de vices cach\u00e9s et de pr\u00e9judice de jouissance<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e pratique est nette pour les ventes de v\u00e9hicules d\u2019occasion affect\u00e9s de d\u00e9sordres. La demande de provision suppose des devis d\u00e9taillant l\u2019\u00e9tendue des r\u00e9parations, des pi\u00e8ces retra\u00e7ant l\u2019historique d\u2019entretien, et des justificatifs \u00e9tablissant l\u2019indisponibilit\u00e9 effective dans la dur\u00e9e. L\u2019\u00e9valuation d\u2019un trouble de jouissance appelle, au minimum, un avis de valeur locative ou des frais alternatifs document\u00e9s, \u00e0 proportion de l\u2019usage normal du bien.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision balise ainsi l\u2019articulation entre la garantie des vices cach\u00e9s et le r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision. Elle r\u00e9serve la provision aux hypoth\u00e8ses o\u00f9 l\u2019imputabilit\u00e9 et la gravit\u00e9 sont suffisamment \u00e9tablies d\u00e8s l\u2019instance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9, sans attendre le rapport d\u2019expertise. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut d\u2019une telle d\u00e9monstration, le d\u00e9bat doit se poursuivre devant le juge du fond, l\u2019expertise apportant \u00ab les \u00e9l\u00e9ments utiles \u00bb et la demande provisionnelle demeurant pr\u00e9matur\u00e9e au regard du crit\u00e8re d\u2019incontestabilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La cour d\u2019appel de Rouen, 13 ao\u00fbt 2025 (1re chambre civile), statue sur l\u2019appel d\u2019une ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 rendue le 16 octobre 2024 par le tribunal judiciai…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9684,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"689d6ea041c9b03bb3ff03f6","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/689d6ea041c9b03bb3ff03f6","_kj_judilibre_id":"689d6ea041c9b03bb3ff03f6","_kj_jur":"Cour d'appel","_kj_lieu":"Rouen","_kj_chambre":"1\u00e8re ch. civile","_kj_rg":"24\/03882","_kj_date":"2025-08-13","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-684772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Rouen, le 16 octobre 2024, n\u00b024\/03882 - 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L\u2019acheteuse, apr\u00e8s une acquisition r\u00e9cente, a constat\u00e9 une perte de puissance et l\u2019affichage d\u2019alertes, malgr\u00e9 une restitution\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "D\u00e9cisions juridiques"","block_context":{"text":"D\u00e9cisions juridiques","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/category\/decisions-juridiques\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rafael-garcin-ZNmyInkVSl4-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rafael-garcin-ZNmyInkVSl4-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rafael-garcin-ZNmyInkVSl4-unsplash.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rafael-garcin-ZNmyInkVSl4-unsplash.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rafael-garcin-ZNmyInkVSl4-unsplash.webp?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/rafael-garcin-ZNmyInkVSl4-unsplash.webp?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":488380,"url":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/cour-dappel-de-grenoble-le-16-septembre-2025-n25-00372\/","url_meta":{"origin":684772,"position":5},"title":"Cour d’appel de Grenoble, le 16 septembre 2025, n\u00b025\/00372","author":"Kohen","date":"8 April 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"La cour d'appel de Grenoble, statuant le 16 septembre 2025, examine une demande de provision fond\u00e9e sur une erreur de superficie dans un contrat de vente imm...","rel":"","context":"In "Jurisprudence"","block_context":{"text":"Jurisprudence","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/category\/jurisprudence\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/susan-q-yin-YQhhlCS9Hto-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/susan-q-yin-YQhhlCS9Hto-unsplash.webp?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/susan-q-yin-YQhhlCS9Hto-unsplash.webp?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/susan-q-yin-YQhhlCS9Hto-unsplash.webp?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/susan-q-yin-YQhhlCS9Hto-unsplash.webp?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/kohenavocats.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/susan-q-yin-YQhhlCS9Hto-unsplash.webp?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/684772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/232070755"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=684772"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/684772\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=684772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=684772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=684772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}