{"id":685781,"date":"2026-04-25T21:02:44","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T19:02:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-bordeaux-le-4-septembre-2025-n24-04876\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T21:02:44","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T19:02:44","slug":"cour-dappel-de-bordeaux-le-4-septembre-2025-n24-04876","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/en\/cour-dappel-de-bordeaux-le-4-septembre-2025-n24-04876\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Bordeaux, le 4 septembre 2025, n\u00b024\/04876"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Par un arr\u00eat du 4 septembre 2025, la Cour d’appel de Bordeaux statue sur l’appel d’une ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 ayant constat\u00e9 l’acquisition d’une clause r\u00e9solutoire dans un bail commercial, ordonn\u00e9 la lib\u00e9ration des lieux et pr\u00e9vu, le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, l’expulsion. L’instance d’appel s’inscrit dans un contexte de redressement judiciaire du preneur, au cours duquel un protocole d’accord transactionnel a \u00e9t\u00e9 conclu et soumis \u00e0 homologation par la juridiction d’appel.<\/p>\n

Les faits tiennent \u00e0 un bail commercial conclu en 2003, suivi d’un commandement de payer visant la clause r\u00e9solutoire, puis d’une assignation en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. Une proc\u00e9dure de redressement judiciaire a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 ouverte \u00e0 l’\u00e9gard du preneur. Par ordonnance post\u00e9rieure, le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s a constat\u00e9 l’acquisition de la clause r\u00e9solutoire \u00e0 la date dite, ordonn\u00e9 la remise des lieux, et autoris\u00e9 les mesures d’ex\u00e9cution utiles.<\/p>\n

La voie de l’appel a \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9e par le preneur. Devant la Cour d’appel, les parties ont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 un protocole d’accord transactionnel \u00e9tabli par acte d’avocat, incluant la reconnaissance de la cr\u00e9ance locative et l’abandon par le bailleur du b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de l’ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9, au profit de la poursuite du bail. Le juge-commissaire a, ant\u00e9rieurement, autoris\u00e9 la signature de ce protocole. Les demandeurs \u00e0 l’homologation sollicitent, en cons\u00e9quence, le constat d’un d\u00e9sistement et la cl\u00f4ture de l’instance.<\/p>\n

La question pos\u00e9e tient au pouvoir d’homologation de la Cour d’appel en pr\u00e9sence d’une transaction intervenue en cours d’instance, dans le cadre d’une proc\u00e9dure collective, ayant pour effet assum\u00e9 de neutraliser les effets d’une clause r\u00e9solutoire d\u00e9j\u00e0 constat\u00e9e. Elle implique de pr\u00e9ciser l’\u00e9tendue du contr\u00f4le de la cour sur l’accord, et d’en d\u00e9terminer les cons\u00e9quences proc\u00e9durales et mat\u00e9rielles.<\/p>\n

La Cour d’appel fait droit \u00e0 la demande d’homologation, retient qu’\u00ab Il n’existe aucun motif d’ordre public de nature \u00e0 faire obstacle aux demandes conjointes des parties; et il y sera donc fait droit int\u00e9gralement, en donnant force ex\u00e9cutoire \u00e0 l’accord intervenu. \u00bb Elle constate l’extinction du litige, \u00ab D\u00e9clare la cour d’appel de Bordeaux dessaisie; \u00bb et statue sur les frais conform\u00e9ment aux stipulations transactionnelles.<\/p>\n

I. L\u2019homologation transactionnelle en appel<\/p>\n

A. L\u2019office du juge et l\u2019ordre public
\nLe contr\u00f4le exerc\u00e9 par la Cour d’appel sur un protocole transactionnel conclu en cours d’instance demeure restreint \u00e0 la v\u00e9rification de sa r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 formelle et de sa compatibilit\u00e9 avec l’ordre public. La motivation le signifie nettement en \u00e9non\u00e7ant qu’\u00ab Il n’existe aucun motif d’ordre public de nature \u00e0 faire obstacle aux demandes conjointes des parties; \u00bb. La Cour identifie ainsi le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de son office: valider l’accord si aucune atteinte \u00e0 des normes imp\u00e9ratives, ni \u00e0 des int\u00e9r\u00eats prot\u00e9g\u00e9s, n’appara\u00eet. Ce crit\u00e8re, conforme \u00e0 l’\u00e9conomie des articles 1565 et suivants du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, fonde la d\u00e9cision de conf\u00e9rer force ex\u00e9cutoire \u00e0 l’accord, laquelle est explicit\u00e9e par la formule, \u00e9galement cit\u00e9e, \u00ab en donnant force ex\u00e9cutoire \u00e0 l’accord intervenu. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Ce choix s\u2019inscrit dans la conception classique de l\u2019homologation: le juge ne substitue pas son appr\u00e9ciation \u00e0 celle des parties sur le fond du litige, mais conf\u00e8re \u00e0 leur accord l\u2019autorit\u00e9 et l\u2019efficience qui permettent sa mise en \u0153uvre. La r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 l\u2019absence d\u2019obstacle d\u2019ordre public borne la v\u00e9rification \u00e0 l\u2019essentiel, sans rouvrir la discussion sur le bien-fond\u00e9 de l\u2019ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 ni sur le quantum reconnu.<\/p>\n

B. La neutralisation conventionnelle de la clause r\u00e9solutoire
\nLe protocole vise la relation locative et pr\u00e9voit express\u00e9ment la poursuite du bail, malgr\u00e9 l\u2019ordonnance constatant l\u2019acquisition ant\u00e9rieure de la clause r\u00e9solutoire. La cour rel\u00e8ve que \u00ab les parties convenant express\u00e9ment de la poursuite du bail, la clause r\u00e9solutoire n’\u00e9tant pas appliqu\u00e9e. \u00bb L\u2019accord contient, en outre, une renonciation au b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de l\u2019ordonnance, ce qui confirme l\u2019extinction conventionnelle des effets r\u00e9solutoires et la reprise contractuelle organis\u00e9e par les parties.<\/p>\n

Cette solution pr\u00e9serve la libert\u00e9 transactionnelle lorsque les droits en cause, essentiellement disponibles, peuvent faire l\u2019objet d\u2019une renonciation et d\u2019un r\u00e9am\u00e9nagement, sous r\u00e9serve du respect des r\u00e8gles propres aux proc\u00e9dures collectives. La force ex\u00e9cutoire attach\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019homologation stabilise la situation juridique n\u00e9e de l\u2019accord, substituant au titre provisoire de l\u2019ordonnance un titre n\u00e9goci\u00e9 et opposable.<\/p>\n

II. Les effets proc\u00e9duraux et pratiques<\/p>\n

A. L\u2019articulation avec le redressement judiciaire
\nLa transaction affectant une relation en cours dans le p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de la proc\u00e9dure collective requiert l\u2019autorisation du juge-commissaire. La cour le constate en des termes sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9: \u00ab Par ordonnance en date du 26 f\u00e9vrier 2025, le juge-commissaire du tribunal de commerce de Bordeaux a autoris\u00e9 la signature de ce protocole d’accord transactionnel. \u00bb Cette autorisation emporte validation pr\u00e9alable au regard des int\u00e9r\u00eats de la proc\u00e9dure et des cr\u00e9anciers, et s\u00e9curise la compatibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019accord avec les exigences d\u2019ordre public \u00e9conomique.<\/p>\n

L\u2019homologation en appel compl\u00e8te ce dispositif de contr\u00f4le successif. Elle conf\u00e8re \u00e0 l\u2019accord sa pleine efficacit\u00e9 externe et garantit sa mise en \u0153uvre, y compris pour l\u2019autorit\u00e9 publique charg\u00e9e d\u2019en assurer l\u2019ex\u00e9cution. Dans cette perspective, la mention selon laquelle la cour \u00ab en donnant force ex\u00e9cutoire \u00e0 l’accord intervenu \u00bb souligne la coh\u00e9rence entre les deux niveaux de contr\u00f4le, \u00e9conomique et juridictionnel.<\/p>\n

B. La cl\u00f4ture de l\u2019instance et la r\u00e9partition des frais
\nL\u2019homologation emporte l\u2019extinction du litige port\u00e9 devant la cour. Le dispositif l\u2019\u00e9nonce express\u00e9ment: \u00ab Constate l’extinction de l’action et de l’instance enr\u00f4l\u00e9e sous le num\u00e9ro RG n\u00b0 24\/04876, \u00bb puis \u00ab D\u00e9clare la cour d’appel de Bordeaux dessaisie; \u00bb. Il s\u2019ensuit la disparition de l\u2019objet du recours et le retrait du juge d\u2019appel, d\u00e9sormais sans pouvoir sur une instance \u00e9teinte par l\u2019effet du d\u00e9sistement devenu parfait.<\/p>\n

La cour statue enfin sur les frais conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019accord, en pr\u00e9cisant: \u00ab Dit que chaque partie conservera \u00e0 sa charge les honoraires de toute nature engag\u00e9s pour la d\u00e9fense de ses int\u00e9r\u00eats, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l’article 11 de l’accord transactionnel. \u00bb Ce choix respecte la logique transactionnelle, selon laquelle les parties assument le co\u00fbt de la solution n\u00e9goci\u00e9e, sans bascule contentieuse r\u00e9siduelle.<\/p>\n

Cette d\u00e9cision \u00e9claire la port\u00e9e d\u2019un r\u00e8glement amiable plac\u00e9 sous double contr\u00f4le, \u00e9conomique et juridictionnel, et confirme la conception minimaliste de l\u2019office d\u2019homologation. Elle consacre, en outre, la primaut\u00e9 de l\u2019accord utile sur la contrainte contentieuse, lorsque la stabilit\u00e9 contractuelle et l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de la proc\u00e9dure collective convergent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par un arr\u00eat du 4 septembre 2025, la Cour d’appel de Bordeaux statue sur l’appel d’une ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 ayant constat\u00e9 l’acquisition d’une clause r\u00e9solut…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9697,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"","_kj_official_id":"","_kj_official_url":"","_kj_judilibre_id":"","_kj_jur":"","_kj_lieu":"","_kj_chambre":"","_kj_rg":"","_kj_date":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-685781","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Bordeaux, le 4 septembre 2025, n\u00b024\/04876 - 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