{"id":684149,"date":"2026-04-25T19:22:18","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:22:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-nancy-le-2-juillet-2025-n24-02673\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T19:22:18","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:22:18","slug":"cour-dappel-de-nancy-le-2-juillet-2025-n24-02673","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/pt-pt\/cour-dappel-de-nancy-le-2-juillet-2025-n24-02673\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Nancy, le 2 juillet 2025, n\u00b024\/02673"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Par un arr\u00eat du 2 juillet 2025, la Cour d’appel de Nancy statue sur la nullit\u00e9 d’une assignation et sur la comp\u00e9tence mat\u00e9rielle des juridictions saisies. Le contentieux s\u2019inscrit dans un ensemble de demandes en concurrence d\u00e9loyale, cons\u00e9cutif \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une agence concurrente par une ancienne salari\u00e9e d\u2019un op\u00e9rateur du secteur.<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s une mesure d\u2019instruction autoris\u00e9e puis d\u00e9battue, une action au fond est engag\u00e9e devant le tribunal de commerce de Nancy pour faire cesser des agissements all\u00e9gu\u00e9s et obtenir r\u00e9paration. Les d\u00e9fendeurs soul\u00e8vent la nullit\u00e9 de l\u2019assignation pour vice de forme ainsi que plusieurs exceptions d\u2019incomp\u00e9tence, au profit du conseil de prud\u2019hommes et du tribunal judiciaire.<\/p>\n

Le premier juge rejette la nullit\u00e9 et retient sa comp\u00e9tence sur la globalit\u00e9 du litige. L\u2019appel r\u00e9it\u00e8re la nullit\u00e9 en raison de l\u2019omission des modalit\u00e9s de comparution, puis, subsidiairement, sollicite la disjonction et le renvoi des demandes concernant une personne physique vers les juridictions de droit commun.<\/p>\n

La question porte, d\u2019une part, sur l\u2019exigence du grief proc\u00e9dural pour sanctionner un vice de forme, d\u2019autre part, sur la ligne de partage entre comp\u00e9tence commerciale, prud\u2019homale et judiciaire en pr\u00e9sence de pr\u00e9tentions m\u00ealant soci\u00e9t\u00e9s commerciales et personnes non commer\u00e7antes.<\/p>\n

La Cour confirme le rejet de la nullit\u00e9 faute de grief, refuse tout am\u00e9nagement des r\u00e8gles de comp\u00e9tence au nom d\u2019une bonne administration de la justice, et op\u00e8re un partage: le litige soci\u00e9t\u00e9 contre soci\u00e9t\u00e9 demeure devant la juridiction consulaire, tandis que les demandes impliquant une personne physique non commer\u00e7ante sont renvoy\u00e9es au tribunal judiciaire.<\/p>\n

I. La nullit\u00e9 de l\u2019assignation irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re et l\u2019exigence du grief<\/p>\n

A. Le rappel des principes et leur application<\/p>\n

La juridiction d\u2019appel rel\u00e8ve d\u2019abord l\u2019irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9 all\u00e9gu\u00e9e, tenant au d\u00e9faut de mention des modalit\u00e9s de comparution. Elle constate que \u00abcet acte ne contient effectivement pas cette mention qui est impos\u00e9e \u00e0 peine de nullit\u00e9\u00bb. Elle ajoute cependant que, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019article 114 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, \u00abla nullit\u00e9 ne peut \u00eatre prononc\u00e9e qu\u2019\u00e0 charge pour l\u2019adversaire qui l\u2019invoque de prouver le grief que lui cause l\u2019irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9…\u00bb. Le contr\u00f4le op\u00e9r\u00e9 porte donc sur l\u2019atteinte concr\u00e8te aux droits de la d\u00e9fense caus\u00e9e par la carence formelle invoqu\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

La Cour pr\u00e9cise la nature du grief pertinent en ces termes, d\u00e9nu\u00e9s d\u2019ambigu\u00eft\u00e9: \u00abLes \u00e9motions n\u00e9gatives ressenties par une partie \u00e0 la r\u00e9ception d’une assignation en justice (…) ne constituent pas un grief au sens de l’article 114 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile.\u00bb Elle exige un lien de causalit\u00e9 direct entre l\u2019irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9 et un d\u00e9savantage proc\u00e9dural, avant de constater l\u2019effectivit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9fense constitu\u00e9e et d\u2019\u00e9noncer qu\u2019\u00abaucun grief proc\u00e9dural n’est d\u00e9montr\u00e9\u00bb. L\u2019exigence probatoire, ici, neutralise la sanction malgr\u00e9 l\u2019irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9 textuellement encourue.<\/p>\n

B. Port\u00e9e de la solution et appr\u00e9ciation critique<\/p>\n

La solution s\u2019inscrit dans la trajectoire constante qui r\u00e9serve la nullit\u00e9 pour vice de forme \u00e0 l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se d\u2019un pr\u00e9judice proc\u00e9dural caract\u00e9ris\u00e9. Elle renforce l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019une nullit\u00e9 rem\u00e8de, strictement finalis\u00e9e par la protection des droits de la d\u00e9fense, plut\u00f4t que d\u2019une nullit\u00e9 sanction automatique d\u2019un formalisme manqu\u00e9.<\/p>\n

On peut approuver la clart\u00e9 du crit\u00e8re, qui responsabilise la partie invoquant le vice et maintient l\u2019\u00e9conomie du proc\u00e8s. Toutefois, l\u2019exigence d\u2019un grief sp\u00e9cifique et causal peut placer le d\u00e9fendeur face \u00e0 une preuve d\u00e9licate, en particulier lorsque l\u2019irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9 touche l\u2019information proc\u00e9durale. L\u2019arr\u00eat rappelle utilement que le seuil probatoire demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9: l\u2019affect ressenti ne suffit pas sans d\u00e9monstration d\u2019un d\u00e9savantage concret dans la conduite de l\u2019instance.<\/p>\n

II. La comp\u00e9tence mat\u00e9rielle: fronti\u00e8res et renvois<\/p>\n

A. L\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 d\u2019am\u00e9nager et le r\u00f4le du tribunal judiciaire<\/p>\n

La Cour refuse que la bonne administration de la justice puisse justifier une comp\u00e9tence globale: \u00abIl ne peut \u00eatre apport\u00e9 des am\u00e9nagements aux r\u00e8gles de comp\u00e9tence des juridictions au nom d’une bonne administration de la justice.\u00bb Cette affirmation ferme emp\u00eache de regrouper artificiellement des demandes lorsque les conditions l\u00e9gales de comp\u00e9tence ne sont pas r\u00e9unies.<\/p>\n

S\u2019agissant des pr\u00e9tentions dirig\u00e9es contre une personne physique, la Cour rel\u00e8ve l\u2019absence de qualit\u00e9 de commer\u00e7ant et la circonstance que les faits retenus, post\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 la rupture, \u00abne rel\u00e8vent donc pas de la comp\u00e9tence mat\u00e9rielle du conseil de prud’hommes\u00bb. Elle mobilise ensuite le droit commun de l\u2019organisation judiciaire, en citant que \u00able tribunal judiciaire conna\u00eet de toutes les affaires civiles et commerciales pour lesquelles comp\u00e9tence n’est pas attribu\u00e9e, en raison de la nature de la demande, \u00e0 une autre juridiction\u00bb. La cons\u00e9quence logique est le renvoi des demandes concern\u00e9es au tribunal judiciaire de Nancy.<\/p>\n

B. La comp\u00e9tence commerciale pour les litiges entre soci\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/p>\n

La Cour confirme la comp\u00e9tence du tribunal de commerce pour le litige opposant deux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, au regard de leur forme et de l\u2019objet du diff\u00e9rend. Elle \u00e9nonce que \u00abil s’agit de soci\u00e9t\u00e9s anonymes et par cons\u00e9quent de soci\u00e9t\u00e9s commerciales en vertu de l’article L210-1 du Code de commerce\u00bb, avant de conclure que \u00able tribunal de commerce de Nancy est mat\u00e9riellement comp\u00e9tent pour en conna\u00eetre\u00bb. L\u2019objet m\u00eame des demandes, centr\u00e9 sur la concurrence d\u00e9loyale entre professionnels, ach\u00e8ve de justifier la comp\u00e9tence consulaire.<\/p>\n

Cette d\u00e9limitation engendre une fragmentation assum\u00e9e du contentieux, mais conforme au principe de sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9 des juridictions. La clarification op\u00e9r\u00e9e par l\u2019arr\u00eat guide la strat\u00e9gie de saisine en pr\u00e9sence de faisceaux de pr\u00e9tentions m\u00ealant soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et personnes non commer\u00e7antes. Elle rappelle, enfin, que l\u2019argument d\u2019\u00e9conomie de proc\u00e9dure ne peut suppl\u00e9er la loi de comp\u00e9tence lorsque les qualit\u00e9s des parties et la nature des demandes divergent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par un arr\u00eat du 2 juillet 2025, la Cour d’appel de Nancy statue sur la nullit\u00e9 d’une assignation et sur la comp\u00e9tence mat\u00e9rielle des juridictions saisies. Le…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9521,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-684149","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Nancy, le 2 juillet 2025, n\u00b024\/02673 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Par un arr\u00eat du 2 juillet 2025, la Cour d'appel de Nancy statue sur la nullit\u00e9 d'une assignation et sur la comp\u00e9tence mat\u00e9rielle des juridictions saisies. 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