{"id":686865,"date":"2026-04-25T22:05:05","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T20:05:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-bordeaux-le-28-juillet-2025-n25-00309\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T22:05:05","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T20:05:05","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-bordeaux-le-28-juillet-2025-n25-00309","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/pt-pt\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-bordeaux-le-28-juillet-2025-n25-00309\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Bordeaux, le 28 juillet 2025, n\u00b025\/00309"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Le Tribunal judiciaire de Bordeaux, statuant en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 le 28 juillet 2025, a \u00e9t\u00e9 saisi par un bailleur commercial afin de voir prononcer la r\u00e9solution d\u2019un bail pour d\u00e9faut de paiement des loyers et obtenir l\u2019expulsion du locataire. Ce dernier avait \u00e9t\u00e9 plac\u00e9 en liquidation judiciaire apr\u00e8s la signification du commandement de payer. Le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 n\u2019y avoir lieu \u00e0 statuer sur les demandes principales, relevant l\u2019incomp\u00e9tence de sa juridiction au profit du juge-commissaire, et a seulement allou\u00e9 une provision sur le fondement de l\u2019article 700 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile. Cette ordonnance illustre les limites de la proc\u00e9dure acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 face \u00e0 l\u2019ouverture d\u2019une proc\u00e9dure collective et soul\u00e8ve la question de la r\u00e9partition des comp\u00e9tences entre le juge civil et le juge de la liquidation. Elle invite \u00e0 analyser, d\u2019une part, l\u2019effet paralysant du jugement d\u2019ouverture sur les actions en r\u00e9solution (I), et d\u2019autre part, les modalit\u00e9s de traitement des cr\u00e9ances n\u00e9es ant\u00e9rieurement \u00e0 ce jugement (II).<\/p>\n

I. L\u2019ouverture d\u2019une liquidation judiciaire : un obstacle \u00e0 la comp\u00e9tence du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s pour prononcer la r\u00e9solution du bail<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019ordonnance rappelle avec nettet\u00e9 le principe de concentration des actions devant le juge-commissaire apr\u00e8s l\u2019ouverture d\u2019une liquidation judiciaire. Le juge constate que le locataire \u00ab a \u00e9t\u00e9 plac\u00e9e en liquidation judiciaire par jugement du tribunal de commerce de Fr\u00e9jus en date du 27 mars 2025 \u00bb. Il applique alors strictement l\u2019article L. 641-11-1 du code de commerce, en \u00e9non\u00e7ant qu\u2019\u00ab \u00e0 compter du jugement d\u2019ouverture de la liquidation judiciaire, toute action en r\u00e9solution d\u2019un contrat en cours rel\u00e8ve de la seule comp\u00e9tence du juge commissaire \u00bb. Cette disposition, qui organise la poursuite forc\u00e9e des contrats en cours, prive le bailleur de la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019agir en r\u00e9solution devant son juge naturel, f\u00fbt-ce en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. Le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s en d\u00e9duit logiquement qu\u2019\u00ab il ne rel\u00e8ve donc pas de sa comp\u00e9tence de se prononcer sur la r\u00e9siliation du bail \u00bb. Cette solution est conforme \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9conomie du droit des proc\u00e9dures collectives, qui vise \u00e0 pr\u00e9server l\u2019actif du d\u00e9biteur et \u00e0 organiser le traitement collectif des cr\u00e9ances. L\u2019existence d\u2019une clause r\u00e9solutoire express\u00e9ment mise en \u0153uvre par un commandement de payer r\u00e9gulier, rest\u00e9 sans effet, devient d\u00e8s lors inop\u00e9rante pour justifier une intervention du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s. Le bailleur se voit ainsi contraint de saisir le juge-commissaire, \u00e0 qui il appartiendra d\u2019appr\u00e9cier, dans le cadre de la proc\u00e9dure collective, l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 de maintenir ou de r\u00e9silier le contrat de bail. Cette r\u00e8gle de comp\u00e9tence imp\u00e9rative s\u2019impose m\u00eame lorsque, comme en l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, la demande en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e9tait ant\u00e9rieure au jugement d\u2019ouverture, d\u00e9montrant la pr\u00e9\u00e9minence de la proc\u00e9dure collective sur les actions individuelles.<\/p>\n

II. Le traitement des cr\u00e9ances ant\u00e9rieures \u00e0 la liquidation : entre d\u00e9claration au passif et comp\u00e9tence du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p>\n

Si l\u2019action en r\u00e9solution est \u00e9cart\u00e9e, la question du sort des cr\u00e9ances ant\u00e9rieures au jugement d\u2019ouverture se pose avec acuit\u00e9. Le bailleur sollicitait la fixation d\u2019une provision sur les arri\u00e9r\u00e9s de loyers. Le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s refuse \u00e9galement de statuer sur ce point, consid\u00e9rant qu\u2019il \u00ab ne peut rendre une d\u00e9cision d\u00e9finitive sur l\u2019existence et le montant de la cr\u00e9ance all\u00e9gu\u00e9e par le bailleur, laquelle doit \u00eatre soumise \u00e0 la proc\u00e9dure normale de v\u00e9rification et \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision du juge commissaire \u00bb. Cette position s\u2019appuie sur le m\u00eame article L. 641-11-1, qui pr\u00e9cise que \u00ab le d\u00e9faut d’ex\u00e9cution de ces engagements n’ouvre droit au profit des cr\u00e9anciers qu’\u00e0 d\u00e9claration au passif \u00bb. Le juge souligne ainsi la distinction fondamentale entre, d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, la fixation provisoire d\u2019une indemnit\u00e9 d\u2019occupation qui pourrait relever du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 si elle \u00e9tait post\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la liquidation, et de l\u2019autre, la constatation d\u2019une cr\u00e9ance certaine n\u00e9e ant\u00e9rieurement, qui doit suivre la voie collective de la d\u00e9claration et de la v\u00e9rification. Toutefois, le juge ne se d\u00e9clare pas incomp\u00e9tent pour tous les aspects de la demande. Il use de son pouvoir d\u2019appr\u00e9ciation pour accorder une somme sur le fondement de l\u2019article 700 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, estimant qu\u2019\u00ab il appara\u00eet in\u00e9quitable de laisser \u00e0 la charge de la demanderesse les sommes, non comprises dans les d\u00e9pens, qu’elle a expos\u00e9es dans le cadre de l’instance \u00bb. Cette d\u00e9cision partielle montre que l\u2019ouverture d\u2019une liquidation judiciaire ne fait pas obstacle \u00e0 toute intervention du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s, d\u00e8s lors qu\u2019il ne s\u2019agit pas de statuer au fond sur l\u2019existence d\u2019une cr\u00e9ance \u00e0 d\u00e9clarer au passif. Enfin, la pr\u00e9cision selon laquelle \u00ab les d\u00e9pens seront employ\u00e9s en frais privil\u00e9gi\u00e9s de la liquidation judiciaire \u00bb rappelle l\u2019application des r\u00e8gles de priorit\u00e9 propres aux proc\u00e9dures collectives, m\u00eame aux d\u00e9pens d\u2019une instance devant une juridiction civile.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le Tribunal judiciaire de Bordeaux, statuant en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 le 28 juillet 2025, a \u00e9t\u00e9 saisi par un bailleur commercial afin de voir prononcer la r\u00e9solution d\u2019un b…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9483,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"688bb065d284ccae5aa42c56","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/688bb065d284ccae5aa42c56","_kj_judilibre_id":"688bb065d284ccae5aa42c56","_kj_jur":"Tribunal judiciaire","_kj_lieu":"Bordeaux","_kj_chambre":"REFERES 1\u00e8re Section","_kj_rg":"25\/00309","_kj_date":"2025-07-28","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-686865","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire de Bordeaux, le 28 juillet 2025, n\u00b025\/00309 - 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