{"id":878420,"date":"2026-05-11T02:18:34","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T00:18:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/jurisprudences\/wt-v-sswp-esa\/"},"modified":"2026-05-11T02:18:34","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T00:18:34","slug":"wt-v-sswp-esa","status":"publish","type":"kji_decision","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/ru\/jurisprudences\/wt-v-sswp-esa\/","title":{"rendered":"WT v SSWP (ESA)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"kji-decision\">\n<div class=\"kji-full-text\">\n<p>Introduction 1. This appeal raises a relatively short point of statutory interpretation. It is whether the assessment of a person\u2019s ability to mobilise, for ESA purposes, may take into account the assistance supplied by a powered wheelchair. In dismissing the Appellant\u2019s appeal, the First-tier Tribunal assessed mobility on the basis that he could reasonably be expected to use a powered wheelchair. 2. I disagree with the First-tier Tribunal and decide that a powered wheelchair falls outside the range of aids that may be taken into account in assessing ability to mobilise. Legal background Legislative framework 3. Under section 1 of the Welfare Reform Act 2007, a basic condition for ESA is that an individual has limited capability for work. Section 8(1) of the Welfare Reform Act 2007 (\u201c2007 Act\u201d) provides that \u201cfor the purposes of this Part, whether a person\u2019s capability for work is limited by his physical or mental condition and, if it is, whether the limitation is such that it is not reasonable to require him to work shall be determined in accordance with regulations\u201d. In other words, the content of the requirement for a person to have limited capability for work is to be found in regulations. 4. Section 8(2) of the 2007 Act requires regulations to provide for the determinations required by section 8(1) to be \u201con the basis of\u201d an assessment. The assessment must be defined by reference to the extent to which a person with some specific disease or bodily or mental disablement is capable or incapable of performing prescribed activities. Thus section 8(2) draws a distinction between activities and capability to perform them. 5. The ESA Regulations 2008 are made under section 8. They name the assessment required by section 8 the Work Capability Assessment (WCA). Regulation 19 contains general WCA rules (the WCA itself is set out in Schedule 2 to the Regulations). Relevant features of regulation 19 are as follows: (a) regulation 19(1) provides that \u201cwhether a claimant&#039;s capability for work is limited by the claimant&#039;s physical or mental condition and, if it is, whether the limitation is such that it is not reasonable to require the claimant to work is to be determined on the basis of a limited capability for work assessment of the claimant in accordance with this Part\u201d. The \u201cPart\u201d is Part 5 which includes Schedule 2; (b) regulation 19(2) respects the distinction drawn by section 8 of the 2007 Act between activities and capability to perform them. It reads: \u201cThe limited capability for work assessment is an assessment of the extent to which a claimant who has some specific disease or bodily or mental disablement is capable of performing the activities prescribed in Schedule 2 or is incapable by reason of such disease or bodily or mental disablement of performing those activities.\u201d; (c) assessing capability to perform activities involves comparing an individual\u2019s capability with pre-determined capability levels known as \u201cdescriptors\u201d to which are allotted various points. Regulation 19(3) translates the total points scored into a determination whether a person has limited capability for work. At least 15 points must be scored in order for a person to have limited capability for work; (e) regulation 19(4) provides that \u201cin assessing the extent of a claimant\u2019s capability to perform any activity listed in Part 1 of Schedule 2, the claimant is to be assessed as if\u2026(b) wearing or using any aid or appliance which is normally, or could reasonably be expected to be, worn or used\u201d. I note that here the Regulations operate on the descriptors \u2013 which deal with capability \u2013 rather than the listed WCA activities. 6. Schedule 2 contains a \u201cmobilising\u201d activity: \u201cMobilising unaided by another person with or without a walking stick, manual wheelchair or other aid if such aid is normally, or could reasonably be, worn or used.\u201d 7. It can be seen that, despite the general incorporation of aids and appliances in the WCA descriptors by regulation 19(4), the legislator decided to include aids within the prescribed mobility activity itself. 8. The mobilising descriptors refer to a person who \u201ccannot unaided by another person either (i) mobilise more than [50\/100\/200] metres on level ground without stopping in order to avoid significant discomfort or exhaustion: or (ii) repeatedly mobilise [50\/100\/200] metres within a reasonable timescale because of significant discomfort or exhaustion\u201d. If an individual cannot so mobilise more than 50 metres, 15 WCA points are awarded and thus the person meets the threshold for having limited capability for work. Where the individual cannot mobilise more than 100 metres, 9 points are awarded and, for 200 metres, 6 points. SI v Secretary of State 9. The question whether a powered wheelchair may be taken into account as an \u201cother aid\u201d was touched on by a three-judge panel of the Upper Tribunal in SI v Secretary of State for Work &amp; Pensions [2015] AACR 5; [2014] UKUT 308. In that case, the parties agreed a powered wheelchair was capable of being an \u201cother aid\u201d to mobility so that it was to be taken into account if normally used or if it could reasonably be used. The Upper Tribunal, however, said this: \u201c65\u2026on reflection, we prefer to leave open the question whether for Activity 1 a powered wheelchair is an \u201cother aid\u201d or an \u201cother aid\u201d that could reasonably be used, given the specific reference in the legislation to a walking stick and a manual wheelchair and the ejusdemgeneris rule, and in any event there may be questions as to whether use is \u201cnormal\u201d for a claimant if, for example, is or her powered wheelchair can only be used in certain circumstances or in certain places\u201d. 10. In his submissions on this appeal, the Secretary of State informs the Upper Tribunal he is no longer of the view that a powered wheelchair may be taken into account. Ejusdem Generis 11. Bennion on Statutory Interpretation (5th edition), at section 379, describes the ejusdem generis principle of statutory interpretation as follows: \u201cThe Latin words ejusdem generis (of the same kind or nature) have been attached to a principle of construction whereby wide words associated in the text with more limited words are taken to be restricted by implication to matters of the same limited character. The principle may apply whatever the association, but the most usual form is a list or string of genus-describing terms followed by wider or residuary sweeping-up words.\u201d 12. In section 380, Bennion adds: \u201cIf a genus cannot be found, the ejusdem principle does not apply. It is necessary to be able to formulate the genus; for if it cannot be formulated it does not exist.\u201d 13. A list establishing a genus need not be extensive. In fact, a single limiting word may do (DPP v Vivier [1991] 4 All ER 18) although, as Bennion says at section 381, \u201cin such cases the presumption favouring the principle is weakened because of the difficulty of discerning a genus\u201d. 14. Certain formulations are used where the legislator wishes to exclude operation of the principle, such as linking the wider words with the terms \u201cwhether or not of the same kind as those mentioned\u201d, \u201cof whatever description\u201d or \u201cwhatsoever\u201d (Larsen v Sylvester [1908] AC 295). 15. We are concerned here with a principle, rather than a true rule, of statutory interpretation. The overriding aim is to discern the legislator\u2019s intention. This may call for a finding that the legislator impliedly intended to exclude the principle if its application would produce a result contrary to the legislator\u2019s intention (Quazi v Quazi [1979] 3 All ER 897). 16. I should also refer to the expressio unius principle, which Bennion at section 390 of Statutory Interpretation, writes is \u201capplied where a statutory proposition might have covered a number of matters but in fact only mentions some of them\u201d and \u201cunless these are mentioned merely as examples, or ex abundanti cautela, or for some other sufficient reason, the rest are taken to be excluded from the proposition\u201d. The arguments 17. Before the First-tier Tribunal, Mr T\u2019s representative argued the ejusdem generis principle operated to restrict the range of other aids that could be taken into account in applying the WCA mobility activity. The activity identified a class, namely walking stick and manual wheelchair, which are \u201ccharacterised by the lack of any \u201cmotorised propulsion\u201d. They assist mobility by supporting parts of the body but still need significant manual effort in order for a person to mobilise\u201d. This class restricted the other aids that could be taken into account. A powered wheelchair fell outside that class. The representative also relied on the legislator\u2019s decision to specify in terms a manual wheelchair. This indicated that non-manual wheelchairs were excluded. 18. The First-tier Tribunal rejected the representative\u2019s argument for the following reasons: \u201c[other aid] is general in terms and covers everything else that exists or might exist in the future. [SI v Secretary ofState], paragraph 65 supports the contention a powered wheelchair is an \u201cother aid\u201d\u2026The Tribunal concludes the terms stick and manual wheelchair are there for illustrative purposes only. This fits in with the way the legal test is written. If the terms were not illustrative it would be necessary to look at each and every aid\/appliance to decide whether it is excluded from being part of the term \u201cother aid\u201d because of the similarity they may have to a stick or manual wheelchair. It would become an impossible test to apply. The phrase other aid would effectively be redundant. Would an elbow crutch be excluded from consideration because it is not a stick? A common sense and practical real world interpretation of the phrase \u201cother aid\u201d also supports the view the reference to stick and manual wheelchair are there only for illustrative purposes i.e. examples.\u201d 19. Following my grant of permission to appeal to the Upper Tribunal, the Secretary of State supplied a written response to the appeal. This response agreed with the reasoning of the First-tier Tribunal but nevertheless supported the appeal because, in the Secretary of State\u2019s view, the Tribunal gave inadequate reasons for deciding it was reasonable for Mr T to use a powered wheelchair. In a supplementary written submission, however, the Secretary of State altered his position and instead agreed with Mr T\u2019s representative that it was not permissible to rely on a powered wheelchair when assessing ability to mobilise. Neither party requested a hearing of this appeal. Conclusion 20. I agree with the parties that a powered wheelchair cannot be an \u201cother aid\u201d for the purposes of the WCA mobility activity. The legislator\u2019s decision to refer expressly to a \u201cmanual wheelchair\u201d, but no other type of wheelchair, must have been deliberate. The intention was to limit the field to that one type of wheelchair. Further, a manual wheelchair and a walking stick share a common characteristic. They both require an individual to supply all of the energy necessary to move without relying on any external source of power. That shared characteristic is sufficient to establish a genus which then influences the range of other aids that may permissibly be taken into account. 21. The First-tier Tribunal tackled the issue head-on and constructed a coherent argument that a self-propelled wheelchair could be taken into account. While neither party seeks to uphold its reasoning, out of respect for the Tribunal I shall explain why I disagree with it. 22. If the legislator had intended for \u201cmanual walking chair\u201d and \u201cwalking stick\u201d to operate merely as examples, it could have said so expressly. In fact, other parts of the WCA enact provisions that are illustrative in nature. One of the descriptors for the \u2018picking up and moving\u2019 activity refers to a person who \u201ccannot transfer a light but bulky object such as an empty cardboard box\u201d. The legislator could also have used one of the established formulations for indicating that the range of \u201cother aids\u201d was not limited, for example \u201cwhether or not of the same kind as those mentioned\u201d. 23. I do not agree that the above conclusion makes the WCA mobility activity \u201can impossible test to apply\u201d. If the mobility provisions are properly construed, the range of \u201cother aids\u201d is limited to those whose use still requires the individual to move under his or her own steam (and which are normally used or could reasonably be used). I think it is quite straightforward to decide which aids qualify under that test and which do not. 24. If the legislative intention was as the First-tier Tribunal thought, the legislator would not have provided for aids and appliances within the mobilising activity itself. It could have said nothing about this within the prescribed activity and instead relied on regulation 19(4)\u2019s general incorporation of aids and appliances in the WCA descriptors. 25. I set aside the First-tier Tribunal\u2019s decision because it involved an error on a point of law and remit Mr T\u2019s appeal for re-hearing. Subject to any later Directions by a judge of the First-tier Tribunal, I direct as follows: (1) A complete rehearing of Mr T\u2019s appeal against the Secretary of State\u2019s decision of 11th May 2015 must be held by the First-tier Tribunal. The Tribunal\u2019s membership must not include anyone who was a member of the Tribunal whose decision I have set aside. (2) Mr T is reminded that the law prevents the First-tier Tribunal from taking into account circumstances not obtaining at 11th May 2015, when the decision of the Secretary of State was taken. (3) In its reasons, the First-tier Tribunal must not take into account the findings or reasons of the Tribunal whose decision I have set aside. (4) If either party wishes to rely on any further written evidence or argument, this must be supplied to the First-tier Tribunal within one month of the date on which this Decision is issued. (Signed on the Original) E Mitchell Judge of the Upper Tribunal 19th October 2016<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"kji-sep\" \/>\n<p class=\"kji-source-links\"><strong>Sources officielles :<\/strong> <a class=\"kji-source-link\" href=\"https:\/\/caselaw.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/ukut\/aac\/2016\/472\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">consulter la page source<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"kji-license-note\"><em>Open Justice Licence (The National Archives).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction 1. This appeal raises a relatively short point of statutory interpretation. It is whether the assessment of a person\u2019s ability to mobilise, for ESA purposes, may take into account the assistance supplied by a powered wheelchair. In dismissing the Appellant\u2019s appeal, the First-tier Tribunal assessed mobility on the basis that he could reasonably be expected to use a powered&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":""},"kji_country":[7608],"kji_court":[9033],"kji_chamber":[],"kji_year":[61603],"kji_subject":[7646],"kji_keyword":[16467,9692,84843,7636,17072],"kji_language":[7611],"class_list":["post-878420","kji_decision","type-kji_decision","status-publish","hentry","kji_country-royaume-uni","kji_court-upper-tribunal-administrative-appeals-chamber","kji_year-61603","kji_subject-divers","kji_keyword-capability","kji_keyword-first-tier","kji_keyword-powered","kji_keyword-tribunal","kji_keyword-wheelchair","kji_language-anglais"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.6 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>WT v SSWP (ESA) - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/ru\/jurisprudences\/wt-v-sswp-esa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"WT v SSWP (ESA)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Introduction 1. This appeal raises a relatively short point of statutory interpretation. It is whether the assessment of a person\u2019s ability to mobilise, for ESA purposes, may take into account the assistance supplied by a powered wheelchair. In dismissing the Appellant\u2019s appeal, the First-tier Tribunal assessed mobility on the basis that he could reasonably be expected to use a powered...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/ru\/jurisprudences\/wt-v-sswp-esa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"11 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/jurisprudences\\\/wt-v-sswp-esa\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/jurisprudences\\\/wt-v-sswp-esa\\\/\",\"name\":\"WT v SSWP (ESA) - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-11T00:18:34+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/jurisprudences\\\/wt-v-sswp-esa\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/jurisprudences\\\/wt-v-sswp-esa\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/jurisprudences\\\/wt-v-sswp-esa\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/avocats-en-droit-penal-a-paris-conseil-et-defense-strategique\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Jurisprudences\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/jurisprudences\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"WT v SSWP (ESA)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/\",\"name\":\"Kohen Avocats\",\"description\":\"Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat p\u00e9naliste \u00e0 Paris, intervient exclusivement en droit p\u00e9nal pour la d\u00e9fense des particuliers, notamment en mati\u00e8re d\u2019accusations de viol. Il assure un accompagnement rigoureux d\u00e8s la garde \u00e0 vue jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la Cour d\u2019assises, veillant au strict respect des garanties proc\u00e9durales.\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Kohen Avocats\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/01\\\/Logo-2-1.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/01\\\/Logo-2-1.webp\",\"width\":2114,\"height\":1253,\"caption\":\"Kohen Avocats\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/kohenavocats.com\\\/ru\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"WT v SSWP (ESA) - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/ru\/jurisprudences\/wt-v-sswp-esa\/","og_locale":"ru_RU","og_type":"article","og_title":"WT v SSWP (ESA)","og_description":"Introduction 1. This appeal raises a relatively short point of statutory interpretation. It is whether the assessment of a person\u2019s ability to mobilise, for ESA purposes, may take into account the assistance supplied by a powered wheelchair. 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