{"id":651730,"date":"2026-04-22T21:41:09","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T19:41:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-versailles-le-2-octobre-2025-n24-00881\/"},"modified":"2026-04-22T21:41:09","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T19:41:09","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-versailles-le-2-octobre-2025-n24-00881","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/ru\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-versailles-le-2-octobre-2025-n24-00881\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Versailles, le 2 octobre 2025, n\u00b024\/00881"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Le tribunal de proximit\u00e9 de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire le 2 octobre 2025, examine une action en paiement d’un cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 la consommation. L’\u00e9tablissement pr\u00eateur sollicite la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme du contrat pour d\u00e9faut de paiement. Le juge \u00e9carte cette demande pour vice de preuve de la mise en demeure mais prononce la r\u00e9siliation judiciaire du contrat. Il condamne l’emprunteur d\u00e9faillant au remboursement du capital et r\u00e9duit la clause p\u00e9nale contractuelle pour son caract\u00e8re excessif.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 proc\u00e9durale de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme<\/p>\n

Le formalisme imp\u00e9ratif de la mise en demeure. Le juge rappelle le principe g\u00e9n\u00e9ral r\u00e9gissant la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme dans les contrats de pr\u00eat. «Si le contrat de pr\u00eat peut pr\u00e9voir que la d\u00e9faillance de l\u2019emprunteur entrainera la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme, celle-ci ne peut, sauf disposition contraire expresse et non \u00e9quivoque, \u00eatre d\u00e9clar\u00e9e acquise au cr\u00e9ancier sans la d\u00e9livrance d\u2019une mise en demeure rest\u00e9e sans effet.» Cette r\u00e8gle protectrice s’applique \u00e0 tout pr\u00eat de somme d’argent, notamment \u00e0 la consommation. Elle impose une formalit\u00e9 substantielle pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 l’activation d’une clause r\u00e9solutoire. La Cour de cassation en a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 les conditions dans une jurisprudence constante. «Si le contrat de pr\u00eat d’une somme d’argent peut pr\u00e9voir que la d\u00e9faillance de l’emprunteur non commer\u00e7ant entra\u00eenera la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme, celle-ci ne peut, sauf disposition expresse et non \u00e9quivoque, \u00eatre d\u00e9clar\u00e9e acquise au cr\u00e9ancier sans la d\u00e9livrance d’une mise en demeure rest\u00e9e sans effet, pr\u00e9cisant le d\u00e9lai dont dispose le d\u00e9biteur pour y faire obstacle ainsi que l’a jug\u00e9 la Cour de cassation (Civ. 1\u00e8re, 3 juin 2015, n\u00b0 14-15655).» (Cour d’appel, le 27 mars 2025, n\u00b022\/13255). La mise en demeure constitue ainsi un garde-fou essentiel pour le d\u00e9biteur non commer\u00e7ant.<\/p>\n

L’exigence probatoire stricte pesant sur le cr\u00e9ancier. En l’esp\u00e8ce, le pr\u00eateur invoque une lettre de mise en demeure dat\u00e9e du 17 juin 2024. Le juge constate cependant l’absence de preuve mat\u00e9rielle de son envoi et de sa r\u00e9ception. «Compte tenu de l\u2019enjeu et des cons\u00e9quences importantes de l\u2019application de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme pour l\u2019emprunteur, l\u2019absence de preuve de l\u2019envoi et de son accus\u00e9 de r\u00e9ception de la lettre du 17 juin 2024 ne permet pas de consid\u00e9rer que la lettre visant la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme est r\u00e9guli\u00e8re.» La rigueur de l’exigence probatoire est proportionn\u00e9e \u00e0 la gravit\u00e9 de la sanction encourue. Cette solution rappelle que la charge de la preuve de la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 de la mise en demeure incombe int\u00e9gralement au cr\u00e9ancier. Une jurisprudence ant\u00e9rieure a valid\u00e9 une d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme lorsque le pr\u00eateur produisait un avis de r\u00e9ception. «Le pr\u00eateur produit une mise en demeure adress\u00e9e \u00e0 l’emprunteur, \u00e0 l’adresse mentionn\u00e9e au contrat, par lettre recommand\u00e9e avec accus\u00e9 de r\u00e9ception du 27 octobre 2020 avant le prononc\u00e9 de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme.» (Cour d’appel, le 20 f\u00e9vrier 2025, n\u00b022\/12990). L’absence d’un tel \u00e9l\u00e9ment justifie donc le rejet de la demande principale.<\/p>\n

Les effets et le contr\u00f4le de la r\u00e9siliation judiciaire<\/p>\n

La sanction alternative de l’inex\u00e9cution contractuelle. D\u00e9bout\u00e9 de sa demande en d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme, le pr\u00eateur obtient gain de cause sur sa demande subsidiaire en r\u00e9siliation judiciaire. Le juge constate une inex\u00e9cution suffisamment grave des obligations de l’emprunteur, justifiant cette sanction. Le d\u00e9faut de paiement des \u00e9ch\u00e9ances depuis le 1er septembre 2023 constitue une violation d’une obligation essentielle du contrat. La r\u00e9siliation est prononc\u00e9e \u00e0 la date de l’assignation, soit le 19 d\u00e9cembre 2024, conform\u00e9ment aux principes du droit commun des contrats. Cette solution d\u00e9montre la distinction op\u00e9r\u00e9e par le juge entre la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme, proc\u00e9dure contractuelle formaliste, et la r\u00e9siliation judiciaire, sanction de l’inex\u00e9cution fond\u00e9e sur l’appr\u00e9ciation souveraine des juges du fond. Elle permet n\u00e9anmoins au cr\u00e9ancier d’obtenir le remboursement imm\u00e9diat du capital restant d\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Le pouvoir mod\u00e9rateur du juge sur les indemnit\u00e9s contractuelles. Le juge liquide les cons\u00e9quences p\u00e9cuniaires de la r\u00e9siliation en appliquant les dispositions imp\u00e9ratives du code de la consommation. Il rappelle le plafond l\u00e9gal de l’indemnit\u00e9 forfaitaire, dite Scrivener, fix\u00e9e \u00e0 8% du capital restant d\u00fb. Toutefois, il exerce son pouvoir de modulation pr\u00e9vu par l’article 1231-5 du code civil. «Il convient de constater que la clause p\u00e9nale, cumul\u00e9e avec les int\u00e9r\u00eats contractuels rev\u00eat un caract\u00e8re manifestement excessif. Elle sera, en cons\u00e9quence, r\u00e9duite \u00e0 la somme de 300 euros.» Cette r\u00e9duction souligne le contr\u00f4le effectif exerc\u00e9 par le juge sur les clauses p\u00e9nales, m\u00eame issues d’un bar\u00e8me r\u00e9glementaire, lorsque leur effet cumul\u00e9 avec d’autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments appara\u00eet disproportionn\u00e9. Le juge prot\u00e8ge ainsi l’emprunteur d\u00e9faillant contre des charges financi\u00e8res trop lourdes, tout en reconnaissant le pr\u00e9judice subi par le pr\u00eateur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le tribunal de proximit\u00e9 de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire le 2 octobre 2025, examine une action en paiement d’un cr\u00e9dit …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":4833,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68dec8746af9fd1f80952648","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68dec8746af9fd1f80952648","_kj_judilibre_id":"68dec8746af9fd1f80952648","_kj_jur":"Tribunal judiciaire","_kj_lieu":"Tribunal judiciaire de Versailles","_kj_chambre":"TPX SGL JCP FOND","_kj_rg":"24\/00881","_kj_date":"2025-10-02","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-651730","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire de Versailles, le 2 octobre 2025, n\u00b024\/00881 - 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