{"id":664281,"date":"2026-04-23T22:26:04","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T20:26:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-metz-le-10-juin-2025-n24-00253\/"},"modified":"2026-04-26T21:18:39","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T19:18:39","slug":"cour-dappel-de-metz-le-10-juin-2025-n24-00253","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/ru\/cour-dappel-de-metz-le-10-juin-2025-n24-00253\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Metz, le 10 juin 2025, n\u00b024\/00253"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La cour d’appel de Metz, statuant le 10 juin 2025, examine les appels form\u00e9s contre un jugement relatif \u00e0 une proc\u00e9dure de surendettement. L’instance oppose des d\u00e9biteurs \u00e0 plusieurs cr\u00e9anciers, dont un organisme bancaire et l’Urssaf. La juridiction doit se prononcer sur la recevabilit\u00e9 des recours et sur la bonne foi des requ\u00e9rants, condition d’acc\u00e8s aux mesures d’apurement. Elle confirme le jugement pour l’un des conjoints, qu’elle estime de mauvaise foi, mais l’infirme pour son \u00e9pouse, \u00e0 laquelle elle accorde un r\u00e9tablissement personnel sans liquidation.<\/p>\n

La sanction du non-respect du contradictoire en proc\u00e9dure<\/p>\n

Le principe du contradictoire impose une communication r\u00e9guli\u00e8re des pi\u00e8ces. La cour \u00e9carte ainsi des d\u00e9bats les d\u00e9comptes produits par l’\u00e9tablissement bancaire et l’\u00e9tat des d\u00e9bits de l’Urssaf. Ces documents n’ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 notifi\u00e9s aux d\u00e9biteurs par lettre recommand\u00e9e, ce qui constitue un vice de proc\u00e9dure. «Il n’y a pas lieu de dispenser cet organisme bancaire de comparution et il convient d’\u00e9carter des d\u00e9bats les d\u00e9comptes de ses cr\u00e9ances» (Motifs, al. 2). Cette rigueur proc\u00e9durale prot\u00e8ge les droits de la d\u00e9fense et garantit l’\u00e9quit\u00e9 du d\u00e9bat. Elle rappelle que la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 des \u00e9changes est une condition essentielle de la validit\u00e9 des d\u00e9bats. Toute pi\u00e8ce soumise au juge doit avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9e \u00e0 la connaissance de l’adversaire. Cette exigence est un pilier fondamental de tout proc\u00e8s \u00e9quitable, emp\u00eachant les d\u00e9cisions surprises. La jurisprudence ant\u00e9rieure confirme cette exigence de notification formelle. «Le principe du contradictoire impose qu\u2019il ne puisse \u00eatre tenu compte que des observations dont la preuve est rapport\u00e9e qu\u2019elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 adress\u00e9es par lettre recommand\u00e9e avec accus\u00e9 de r\u00e9ception aux autres parties» (Tribunal judiciaire de Nice, le 18 novembre 2025, n\u00b025\/04226). L’irrecevabilit\u00e9 qui en d\u00e9coule sanctionne efficacement le manquement \u00e0 cette obligation essentielle.<\/p>\n

L’appr\u00e9ciation in concreto de la bonne foi du d\u00e9biteur<\/p>\n

La bonne foi, condition d’acc\u00e8s aux proc\u00e9dures de surendettement, fait l’objet d’une appr\u00e9ciation globale et actuelle. Le juge examine les agissements survenus tout au long du processus d’endettement et pendant la proc\u00e9dure. «Le juge appr\u00e9cie la bonne foi au jour o\u00f9 il statue, au vu de l’ensemble des \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui lui sont soumis» (Motifs, al. 7). Cette appr\u00e9ciation dynamique permet de sanctionner les comportements frauduleux survenant m\u00eame apr\u00e8s la saisine de la commission. La pr\u00e9somption de bonne foi b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie au d\u00e9biteur, mais elle peut \u00eatre renvers\u00e9e par la preuve d’une aggravation d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e de l’insolvabilit\u00e9. Pour l’un des conjoints, la cour retient la mauvaise foi. Elle constate qu’il a volontairement accept\u00e9 une r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration tr\u00e8s inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 son salaire contractuel. «L’acceptation par M. [M] d’un salaire r\u00e9duit selon l’activit\u00e9 de son employeur proc\u00e8de d’un choix personnel effectu\u00e9 en pleine connaissance de cause» (Motifs, al. 11). Ce choix a amplifi\u00e9 son insolvabilit\u00e9 en fraude des droits des cr\u00e9anciers. Ce raisonnement rejoint la jurisprudence qui sanctionne l’aggravation volontaire de l’endettement. «Est d\u00e9chue du b\u00e9n\u00e9fice des mesures de traitement des situations de surendettement toute personne ayant, sans l’accord de ses cr\u00e9anciers, aggrav\u00e9 son endettement» (Cour d’appel de Paris, le 13 f\u00e9vrier 2025, n\u00b023\/00201). La mauvaise foi est ainsi caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par la conscience de nuire aux cr\u00e9anciers.<\/p>\n

La distinction des situations au sein d’un m\u00eame m\u00e9nage<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision op\u00e8re une distinction nette entre les situations des deux \u00e9poux, refusant une appr\u00e9ciation collective de la bonne foi. Le comportement frauduleux de l’un ne peut \u00eatre imput\u00e9 \u00e0 l’autre. «Il n’est en revanche produit aucun \u00e9l\u00e9ment de nature \u00e0 justifier un renversement de la pr\u00e9somption de bonne foi concernant l’appelante lequel ne peut se d\u00e9duire du comportement de son mari» (Motifs, al. 12). L’\u00e9pouse, sans profession et sans ressources propres, est d\u00e9clar\u00e9e de bonne foi. Son impossibilit\u00e9 de faire face \u00e0 ses dettes est manifeste, ce qui ouvre droit aux mesures de traitement. Cette individualisation est essentielle en mati\u00e8re de surendettement, qui concerne des personnes physiques. Elle \u00e9vite qu’un conjoint ne soit p\u00e9nalis\u00e9 pour les agissements de l’autre. La cour examine s\u00e9par\u00e9ment les ressources, les charges et la situation professionnelle de chaque requ\u00e9rant. Cette approche respecte le caract\u00e8re personnel de la condition de bonne foi et du droit \u00e0 un apurement.<\/p>\n

L’octroi du r\u00e9tablissement personnel fond\u00e9 sur une impossibilit\u00e9 manifeste<\/p>\n

Pour l’\u00e9pouse d\u00e9clar\u00e9e recevable, la cour prononce un r\u00e9tablissement personnel sans liquidation judiciaire<\/a>. Cette mesure est subordonn\u00e9e \u00e0 une situation irr\u00e9m\u00e9diablement compromise. Le juge analyse finement le budget pour constater l’absence de capacit\u00e9 de remboursement. «La diff\u00e9rence entre les revenus et les charges fait appara\u00eetre un budget mensuel nettement d\u00e9ficitaire» (Motifs, al. 17). La quotit\u00e9 saisissable des ressources \u00e9tant inexistante, aucun plan de remboursement n’est possible. La cour prend en compte l’absence de perspectives d’am\u00e9lioration, l’\u00e2ge de la requ\u00e9rante et son absence de formation. Elle v\u00e9rifie aussi qu’elle ne poss\u00e8de pas de biens ayant une valeur marchande significative. Le prononc\u00e9 du r\u00e9tablissement personnel entra\u00eene l’effacement des dettes, offrant une v\u00e9ritable sortie de crise. Cette solution est la cons\u00e9quence logique du constat d’une impossibilit\u00e9 totale et durable de d\u00e9sendettement. Elle illustre la fonction sociale de la proc\u00e9dure, permettant un nouveau d\u00e9part financier.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La cour d’appel de Metz, statuant le 10 juin 2025, examine les appels form\u00e9s contre un jugement relatif \u00e0 une proc\u00e9dure de surendettement. L’instance oppose …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9579,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68d62519f345149cf84d2a99","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68d62519f345149cf84d2a99","_kj_judilibre_id":"68d62519f345149cf84d2a99","_kj_jur":"Cour d'appel","_kj_lieu":"Cour d'appel de Metz","_kj_chambre":"3\u00e8me Chambre","_kj_rg":"24\/00253","_kj_date":"2025-09-25","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7123,6580,7597,6718,6992],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-664281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-droit-du-travail","category-droit-social","category-jurisprudence","category-social","category-travail"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Metz, le 10 juin 2025, n\u00b024\/00253 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La cour d'appel de Metz, statuant le 10 juin 2025, examine les appels form\u00e9s contre un jugement relatif \u00e0 une proc\u00e9dure de surendettement. 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