{"id":683928,"date":"2026-04-25T19:11:11","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:11:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-le-4-septembre-2025-n23-12773\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T19:11:11","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:11:11","slug":"cour-dappel-le-4-septembre-2025-n23-12773","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/ru\/cour-dappel-le-4-septembre-2025-n23-12773\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel, le 4 septembre 2025, n\u00b023\/12773"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Par un arr\u00eat rendu \u00e0 Paris le 4 septembre 2025, la juridiction statue sur la formation d’un bail commercial et la rupture des pourparlers. Un \u00e9crit dat\u00e9 du 27 mars 2020, qualifi\u00e9 de document provisoire, renvoyait \u00e0 une annexe substantielle non sign\u00e9e comprenant notamment charges, diagnostics, r\u00e9parations, garanties et destination des lieux.<\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s la remise de deux ch\u00e8ques par le candidat preneur, l’autre partie a notifi\u00e9 le 6 avril 2020 son retrait et a renvoy\u00e9 imm\u00e9diatement les titres de paiement. L’\u00e9crit mentionnait des clauses laiss\u00e9es en blanc et subordonnait la conclusion aux pi\u00e8ces \u00e0 produire, dont l’annexe pr\u00e9cisant les obligations essentielles.<\/p>\n

Le tribunal judiciaire de Cr\u00e9teil, par jugement du 20 janvier 2023, a ni\u00e9 tout effet au contrat, retenu une rupture abusive sans indemnisation, et ordonn\u00e9 la mainlev\u00e9e de la garantie bancaire. En appel, le preneur all\u00e9gu\u00e9 sollicite la reconnaissance d’un bail parfait avec remise des cl\u00e9s, subsidiairement des dommages, tandis que l’autre partie requiert confirmation et r\u00e9paration pour proc\u00e9dure abusive.<\/p>\n

La question pos\u00e9e est double, portant d’abord sur l’accord des volont\u00e9s faute d’annexe sign\u00e9e, puis sur la faute de rupture et l’\u00e9tendue d’une \u00e9ventuelle r\u00e9paration. La Cour confirme l’absence de formation du contrat, constate une rupture de n\u00e9gociations fautive au regard de la bonne foi, mais rejette toute indemnit\u00e9 faute de preuve d’un dommage certain.<\/p>\n

I. L’absence de formation du bail commercial<\/p>\n

A. Les exigences de l’offre et de l’acceptation<\/p>\n

La cour rappelle le cadre l\u00e9gal de la formation contractuelle. Elle \u00e9nonce: \u00ab En application des articles 1113, 1114 et 1118, alin\u00e9a 1er du code civil, le contrat est form\u00e9 par la rencontre d’une offre et d’une acceptation par lesquelles les parties manifestent leur volont\u00e9 de s’engager, volont\u00e9 qui peut r\u00e9sulter d’une d\u00e9claration ou d’un comportement non \u00e9quivoque de son auteur; l’offre doit comprendre les \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels du contrat envisag\u00e9 et exprimer la volont\u00e9 de son auteur d’\u00eatre li\u00e9 en cas d’acceptation. \u00bb Elle ajoute: \u00ab A d\u00e9faut il y a seulement invitation \u00e0 entrer en n\u00e9gociation. \u00bb Enfin: \u00ab L’acceptation est la manifestation de volont\u00e9 de son auteur d’\u00eatre li\u00e9 dans les termes de l’offre. \u00bb L’arr\u00eat ancre ainsi l’analyse sur la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’un accord sur les \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels.<\/p>\n

B. Le document provisoire et l’annexe essentielle<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision s’attache ensuite au contenu objectif de l’\u00e9crit sign\u00e9. Elle souligne sa qualification \u00ab \u00e0 titre provisoire \u00bb et rel\u00e8ve surtout la clause selon laquelle \u00ab le bail est consenti sous les charges, clauses et condition \u00e9nonc\u00e9es aux articles 1 \u00e0 12 repr\u00e9sentant sept pages figurant en annexe au pr\u00e9sent bail \u00bb. La motivation en d\u00e9duit de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9cisive que \u00ab A d\u00e9faut de signature de ladite annexe, l’accord des volont\u00e9s n’est donc pas intervenu sur certains des \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels du futur contrat, de sorte que celui-ci ne peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme d\u00e9finitivement form\u00e9. \u00bb L’ex\u00e9cution forc\u00e9e est logiquement refus\u00e9e, tandis que la mainlev\u00e9e de la garantie bancaire est confirm\u00e9e, l’accessoire suivant le sort de l’obligation principale.<\/p>\n

Priv\u00e9es d’un contrat parfait, les parties demeuraient au stade pr\u00e9contractuel, de sorte que la libert\u00e9 de rompre devait s’exercer sous le contr\u00f4le minimal de la bonne foi.<\/p>\n

II. La rupture des pourparlers et ses effets<\/p>\n

A. La faute de rupture au regard de la bonne foi<\/p>\n

La Cour rappelle le principe gouvernant les n\u00e9gociations. Elle affirme: \u00ab Il r\u00e9sulte en outre de la combinaison des articles 1114 et 1112 du m\u00eame code que l’offre de contracter doit comprendre les \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels du contrat envisag\u00e9 et exprimer la volont\u00e9 de son auteur d’\u00eatre li\u00e9 en cas d’acceptation, et qu’\u00e0 d\u00e9faut, il y a seulement invitation \u00e0 entrer en n\u00e9gociation, dont l’initiative, le d\u00e9roulement et la rupture sont libres, mais doivent imp\u00e9rativement satisfaire aux exigences de la bonne foi. \u00bb Dans le cas d’esp\u00e8ce, l’absence d’annexe pr\u00e9alablement soumise \u00e0 signature ne pouvait \u00eatre oppos\u00e9e comme cause l\u00e9gitime de retrait. La cour tranche explicitement que \u00ab c’est de mauvaise foi qu’il oppose \u00e0 cette derni\u00e8re ce motif de rupture, laquelle appara\u00eet en cons\u00e9quence comme abusive et de nature \u00e0 engager sa responsabilit\u00e9. \u00bb La faute est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e au seul regard de la loyaut\u00e9 attendue en n\u00e9gociation.<\/p>\n

B. Les limites de la r\u00e9paration et l’exigence probatoire<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9paration se cantonne au pr\u00e9judice certain li\u00e9 aux d\u00e9penses ou d\u00e9marches utiles. L’arr\u00eat rappelle que \u00ab En cas de faute commise dans ces n\u00e9gociations, la r\u00e9paration du pr\u00e9judice qui en r\u00e9sulte ne peut avoir pour objet de compenser ni la perte des avantages attendus du contrat non conclu, ni la perte de chance d’obtenir ces avantages. \u00bb La d\u00e9monstration probatoire faisait ici d\u00e9faut, si bien que \u00ab Elle ne justifie pas de l’existence du pr\u00e9judice all\u00e9gu\u00e9. \u00bb La solution sanctionne la d\u00e9loyaut\u00e9 sans confondre responsabilit\u00e9 pr\u00e9contractuelle et b\u00e9n\u00e9fice contractuel, pr\u00e9servant l’\u00e9conomie du droit positif.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par un arr\u00eat rendu \u00e0 Paris le 4 septembre 2025, la juridiction statue sur la formation d’un bail commercial et la rupture des pourparlers. 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