{"id":801473,"date":"2026-05-01T08:49:33","date_gmt":"2026-05-01T06:49:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/conseil-constitutionnel-le-22-novembre-2012-n2012-282\/"},"modified":"2026-05-01T08:49:33","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T06:49:33","slug":"conseil-constitutionnel-le-22-novembre-2012-n2012-282","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/ru\/conseil-constitutionnel-le-22-novembre-2012-n2012-282\/","title":{"rendered":"Conseil constitutionnel, le 22 novembre 2012, n\u00b02012-282"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Le Conseil constitutionnel, dans sa d\u00e9cision du 22 novembre 2012, a \u00e9t\u00e9 saisi d’une question prioritaire de constitutionnalit\u00e9 portant sur plusieurs articles du code de l’environnement. Des associations requ\u00e9rantes contestaient notamment l’article L. 120-1 relatif \u00e0 la participation du public et les articles L. 581-9, L. 581-14-2 et L. 581-18 sur la publicit\u00e9 ext\u00e9rieure. La question centrale \u00e9tait de savoir si ces dispositions m\u00e9connaissaient les articles 1er, 3 et 7 de la Charte de l’environnement, la libert\u00e9 d’entreprendre et la libert\u00e9 d’expression. Le juge constitutionnel a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 l’article L. 120-1 contraire \u00e0 la Constitution tout en validant les autres dispositions sous r\u00e9serve.<\/p>\n

I. La censure partielle du dispositif de participation du public<\/p>\n

A. L’inconstitutionnalit\u00e9 d’une limitation trop restrictive du champ d’application<\/p>\n

Le Conseil constitutionnel a censur\u00e9 l’article L. 120-1 du code de l’environnement pour avoir priv\u00e9 de garanties l\u00e9gales l’exigence constitutionnelle de participation du public. Il a consid\u00e9r\u00e9 que le l\u00e9gislateur avait limit\u00e9 cette participation aux seules d\u00e9cisions r\u00e9glementaires de l’\u00c9tat et de ses \u00e9tablissements publics. Or, «aucune autre disposition l\u00e9gislative g\u00e9n\u00e9rale n’assure, en l’absence de dispositions particuli\u00e8res, la mise en oeuvre de ce principe \u00e0 l’\u00e9gard de leurs d\u00e9cisions non r\u00e9glementaires» (consid\u00e9rant 17). Le juge a ainsi relev\u00e9 une lacune l\u00e9gislative caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par l’absence de m\u00e9canisme applicable aux d\u00e9cisions individuelles ayant une incidence directe et significative sur l’environnement. Cette censure rev\u00eat une importance majeure car elle impose au l\u00e9gislateur d’\u00e9tendre le principe de participation \u00e0 toutes les d\u00e9cisions publiques concern\u00e9es. La port\u00e9e de cette d\u00e9cision est de garantir une effectivit\u00e9 renforc\u00e9e du droit constitutionnel \u00e0 la participation environnementale.<\/p>\n

B. Le report diff\u00e9r\u00e9 de l’abrogation pour pr\u00e9server la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique<\/p>\n

Le Conseil constitutionnel a us\u00e9 de son pouvoir de modulation dans le temps en reportant au 1er septembre 2013 la date d’abrogation de l’article L. 120-1. Cette d\u00e9cision, fond\u00e9e sur l’article 62 de la Constitution, vise \u00e0 «permettre au l\u00e9gislateur de rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 l’inconstitutionnalit\u00e9 constat\u00e9e» (consid\u00e9rant 34). La valeur de cette solution est pragmatique car elle \u00e9vite un vide juridique imm\u00e9diat qui paralyserait l’adoption de nombreuses d\u00e9cisions administratives. La port\u00e9e de ce report est double : il pr\u00e9serve la continuit\u00e9 de l’action publique tout en fixant une \u00e9ch\u00e9ance imp\u00e9rative pour le Parlement. Le juge a \u00e9galement pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 que les d\u00e9cisions prises avant cette date ne pourront \u00eatre contest\u00e9es sur le seul fondement de cette inconstitutionnalit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

II. La validation des dispositions relatives \u00e0 la publicit\u00e9 ext\u00e9rieure<\/p>\n

A. L’absence d’atteinte disproportionn\u00e9e \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 d’entreprendre<\/p>\n

Le Conseil constitutionnel a jug\u00e9 que le r\u00e9gime d’autorisation institu\u00e9 par les deuxi\u00e8me et troisi\u00e8me alin\u00e9as de l’article L. 581-9 \u00e9tait conforme \u00e0 la libert\u00e9 d’entreprendre. Il a relev\u00e9 que le l\u00e9gislateur avait poursuivi un objectif d’int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de «protection du cadre de vie contre les atteintes susceptibles de r\u00e9sulter de dispositifs de publicit\u00e9 ext\u00e9rieure» (consid\u00e9rant 27). Les limitations apport\u00e9es \u00e0 cette libert\u00e9 sont justifi\u00e9es et proportionn\u00e9es car elles s’accompagnent de prescriptions pr\u00e9cises fix\u00e9es par d\u00e9cret. La valeur de cette solution est de rappeler que le juge constitutionnel ne dispose pas d’un pouvoir g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d’appr\u00e9ciation comparable \u00e0 celui du Parlement. La port\u00e9e de cette d\u00e9cision est de conforter la marge de man\u0153uvre du l\u00e9gislateur dans la conciliation entre libert\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et protection de l’environnement.<\/p>\n

B. La r\u00e9serve d’interpr\u00e9tation protectrice de la libert\u00e9 d’expression<\/p>\n

Le Conseil constitutionnel a assorti la validation des dispositions litigieuses d’une r\u00e9serve d’interpr\u00e9tation essentielle concernant la libert\u00e9 d’expression. Il a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 que ces dispositions «n’ont pas pour objet et ne sauraient avoir pour effet de conf\u00e9rer \u00e0 l’autorit\u00e9 administrative le pouvoir d’exercer un contr\u00f4le pr\u00e9alable sur le contenu des messages publicitaires» (consid\u00e9rant 31). Cette r\u00e9serve garantit que le r\u00e9gime d’autorisation ne peut servir \u00e0 censurer le fond des opinions exprim\u00e9es par la publicit\u00e9. La valeur de cette r\u00e9serve est normative car elle conditionne la constitutionnalit\u00e9 des textes examin\u00e9s. Sa port\u00e9e est de pr\u00e9server le c\u0153ur de la libert\u00e9 de communication des pens\u00e9es et des opinions prot\u00e9g\u00e9e par l’article 11 de la D\u00e9claration de 1789.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le Conseil constitutionnel, dans sa d\u00e9cision du 22 novembre 2012, a \u00e9t\u00e9 saisi d’une question prioritaire de constitutionnalit\u00e9 portant sur plusieurs articles…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":4714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"cc","_kj_official_id":"CONSTEXT000027147061","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr\/decision\/2012\/2012282QPC.htm","_kj_judilibre_id":"","_kj_jur":"Conseil constitutionnel","_kj_lieu":"Paris","_kj_chambre":"QPC","_kj_rg":"2012-282","_kj_date":"2012-11-23","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-801473","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nConseil constitutionnel, le 22 novembre 2012, n\u00b02012-282 - 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