{"id":650039,"date":"2026-04-22T17:40:38","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T15:40:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-caen-le-2-octobre-2025-n25-02107\/"},"modified":"2026-04-22T17:40:38","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T15:40:38","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-caen-le-2-octobre-2025-n25-02107","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tr\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-caen-le-2-octobre-2025-n25-02107\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Caen, le 2 octobre 2025, n\u00b025\/02107"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire, examine une demande de r\u00e9siliation d’un contrat de cr\u00e9dit. Le financement portait sur un v\u00e9hicule automobile dans le cadre d’une location avec option d’achat. Suite \u00e0 un d\u00e9faut de paiement, l’\u00e9tablissement financier demande la r\u00e9siliation, le paiement du solde et la restitution du bien. Le juge statue sur le fond malgr\u00e9 la d\u00e9fense d\u00e9faillante, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l’article 472 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile. Il accueille les demandes de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 financi\u00e8re, constate la r\u00e9siliation et condamne l’emprunteur d\u00e9faillant.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 de la mise en demeure pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 la r\u00e9siliation<\/p>\n

La mise en demeure adress\u00e9e \u00e0 l’emprunteur rev\u00eat une importance proc\u00e9durale capitale. Elle doit pr\u00e9ciser les cons\u00e9quences de la d\u00e9faillance pour \u00eatre valable. Le juge rel\u00e8ve que la lettre recommand\u00e9e du 1er juillet 2024 remplissait cette condition. Elle avertissait le souscripteur qu’\u00e0 d\u00e9faut de r\u00e9gularisation sous huit jours, le contrat serait r\u00e9sili\u00e9. Elle indiquait \u00e9galement l’exigibilit\u00e9 imm\u00e9diate du capital restant d\u00fb et des indemnit\u00e9s contractuelles. Cette formalit\u00e9 est donc r\u00e9guli\u00e8re et permet de constater la r\u00e9siliation du contrat de location avec option d’achat. La port\u00e9e de cette analyse est de rappeler le formalisme strict des mises en demeure en mati\u00e8re de cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 la consommation. Elle garantit que l’emprunteur est inform\u00e9 des risques encourus avant toute action en justice.<\/p>\n

Le r\u00e9gime l\u00e9gal des indemnit\u00e9s en cas de d\u00e9faillance de l’emprunteur<\/p>\n

Le contentieux permet une application d\u00e9taill\u00e9e des articles L.312-38 et suivants du code de la consommation. Ces textes encadrent strictement les sommes r\u00e9clamables en cas d’incident de paiement. Le pr\u00eateur peut exiger le capital restant d\u00fb, les int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9chus et une indemnit\u00e9 de r\u00e9siliation forfaitaire. “L\u2019 article L312-39 du Code de la consommation d\u00e9taille les sommes que le pr\u00eateur est en droit d\u2019exiger en cas de d\u00e9faillance de l\u2019emprunteur” (Motifs, point 2). Le juge v\u00e9rifie ainsi que la cr\u00e9ance r\u00e9clam\u00e9e entre dans ce cadre l\u00e9gal imp\u00e9ratif. Aucun autre frais ne peut \u00eatre mis \u00e0 la charge du consommateur d\u00e9faillant. Cette interpr\u00e9tation restrictive prot\u00e8ge l’emprunteur contre des demandes abusives de la part des professionnels du cr\u00e9dit.<\/p>\n

La qualification et le contr\u00f4le de l’indemnit\u00e9 de r\u00e9siliation forfaitaire<\/p>\n

L’indemnit\u00e9 forfaitaire pr\u00e9vue au contrat est soumise \u00e0 un contr\u00f4le juridique sp\u00e9cifique. Le juge la qualifie express\u00e9ment de clause p\u00e9nale au sens de l’article 1231-5 du code civil. “L’indemnit\u00e9 de r\u00e9siliation, d\u2019un montant en l\u2019esp\u00e8ce de 15.150,21 euros TTC librement convenue entre les parties, constitue une \u00e9valuation forfaitaire et anticip\u00e9e du pr\u00e9judice” (Motifs, point 2). Elle remplit une fonction \u00e0 la fois comminatoire et r\u00e9paratrice. Le juge souligne que la charge de la preuve du caract\u00e8re excessif incombe \u00e0 l’emprunteur. Celui-ci, d\u00e9faillant, n’a pas rapport\u00e9 cette preuve. Il n’y a donc pas lieu de r\u00e9duire le montant de cette indemnit\u00e9 forfaitaire. Cette solution rappelle l’\u00e9conomie du dispositif de contr\u00f4le des clauses p\u00e9nales en mati\u00e8re de consommation.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9partition des pouvoirs entre le juge et l’emprunteur d\u00e9faillant<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision illustre les cons\u00e9quences proc\u00e9durales de la d\u00e9fense d\u00e9faillante en mati\u00e8re de protection. Statuant sur le fond malgr\u00e9 l’absence de comparution, le juge examine n\u00e9anmoins le bien-fond\u00e9 des demandes. Il proc\u00e8de \u00e0 un contr\u00f4le d’office de la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 de la mise en demeure et du fondement l\u00e9gal des cr\u00e9ances. En revanche, le contr\u00f4le de proportionnalit\u00e9 de la clause p\u00e9nale n\u00e9cessite une contestation active. “M.[F] [I] ne rapporte pas la preuve, qui lui incombe, du caract\u00e8re manifestement excessif de la peine contractuellement convenue” (Motifs, point 2). L’emprunteur absent ne peut donc b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier d’un r\u00e9examen approfondi de ce point. La port\u00e9e de cette distinction est essentielle pour la pratique du contentieux de la consommation. Elle incite les justiciables \u00e0 participer activement \u00e0 la proc\u00e9dure pour d\u00e9fendre leurs int\u00e9r\u00eats.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire, examine une demande de r\u00e9siliation d’un contrat de cr\u00e9dit. Le financem…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9608,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68e96ac23ea43407b911e11e","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68e96ac23ea43407b911e11e","_kj_judilibre_id":"68e96ac23ea43407b911e11e","_kj_jur":"Tribunal judiciaire","_kj_lieu":"Tribunal judiciaire de Caen","_kj_chambre":"3\u00e8me chambre civile","_kj_rg":"25\/02107","_kj_date":"2025-10-02","_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-650039","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire de Caen, le 2 octobre 2025, n\u00b025\/02107 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire, examine une demande de r\u00e9siliation d'un contrat de cr\u00e9dit. 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