{"id":655567,"date":"2026-04-23T05:46:47","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T03:46:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-toulouse-le-25-mars-2025-n25-01218\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T05:46:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T03:46:47","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-toulouse-le-25-mars-2025-n25-01218","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tr\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-toulouse-le-25-mars-2025-n25-01218\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Toulouse, le 25 mars 2025, n\u00b025\/01218"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire en date du 25 mars 2025, examine une action en paiement fond\u00e9e sur un cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 la consommation. L’\u00e9tablissement pr\u00eateur sollicite le remboursement du capital restant d\u00fb suite \u00e0 la d\u00e9faillance de l’emprunteur. Le juge rel\u00e8ve d’office les questions de forclusion et du caract\u00e8re abusif de la clause r\u00e9solutoire. Il d\u00e9clare l’action recevable et valide la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme, tout en r\u00e9duisant la clause p\u00e9nale et en rejetant certaines demandes.<\/p>\n

La recevabilit\u00e9 de l’action et le contr\u00f4le d’office<\/p>\n

Le juge proc\u00e8de \u00e0 un examen minutieux des conditions de recevabilit\u00e9 de l’action. Il applique le d\u00e9lai de forclusion de deux ans pr\u00e9vu par le code de la consommation. Le point de d\u00e9part de ce d\u00e9lai est fix\u00e9 par “le premier incident de paiement non r\u00e9gularis\u00e9” (Article R. 312-35 du code de la consommation). En l’esp\u00e8ce, cet incident est intervenu en avril 2023, rendant l’action introduite en mars 2025 parfaitement recevable. Cette solution s’inscrit dans la lign\u00e9e d’une jurisprudence constante sur la computation du d\u00e9lai forclusif. La jurisprudence rappelle que “l’action de la banque relative \u00e0 cette cr\u00e9ance n’est donc pas forclose” lorsque l’assignation survient dans le d\u00e9lai l\u00e9gal (Cour d’appel de Douai, le 15 mai 2025, n\u00b022\/00770). Le juge exerce ensuite son pouvoir de relever d’office les moyens tir\u00e9s du code de la consommation. Ce pouvoir, pr\u00e9vu \u00e0 l’article R.632-1, lui impose un contr\u00f4le actif de l’\u00e9quilibre contractuel. Il doit \u00e9carter d’office toute clause dont le caract\u00e8re abusif ressort des \u00e9l\u00e9ments du d\u00e9bat, garantissant ainsi une protection effective du consommateur.<\/p>\n

L’appr\u00e9ciation du caract\u00e8re abusif de la clause r\u00e9solutoire<\/p>\n

Le c\u0153ur de la d\u00e9cision r\u00e9side dans l’analyse de la clause d’exigibilit\u00e9 anticip\u00e9e. Le juge mobilise le cadre l\u00e9gal et jurisprudentiel pour en appr\u00e9cier l’\u00e9quilibre. Il rappelle la d\u00e9finition l\u00e9gale de la clause abusive, qui cr\u00e9e “un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre significatif entre les droits et obligations des parties au contrat” (Article L.212-1 du code de la consommation). Le contr\u00f4le s’exerce en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux crit\u00e8res pos\u00e9s par la Cour de justice de l’Union europ\u00e9enne. Cette derni\u00e8re a jug\u00e9 que le droit europ\u00e9en “s\u2019oppose \u00e0 ce que les parties \u00e0 un contrat de pr\u00eat y ins\u00e8rent une clause qui pr\u00e9voit, de mani\u00e8re expresse et non \u00e9quivoque, que la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme de ce contrat peut \u00eatre prononc\u00e9e de plein droit en cas de retard de paiement” si elle cr\u00e9e un tel d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre (CJUE, 8 d\u00e9cembre 2022, C-600\/21). Le juge applique ces crit\u00e8res au cas d’esp\u00e8ce. Il note que la clause contractuelle, bien que potentiellement confuse, pr\u00e9voyait un d\u00e9lai de huit jours pour caract\u00e9riser la d\u00e9faillance. Toutefois, l’\u00e9tablissement pr\u00eateur a en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 accord\u00e9 un d\u00e9lai de quinze jours par sa mise en demeure. Le juge estime que ce d\u00e9lai, au regard des caract\u00e9ristiques du cr\u00e9dit, \u00e9tait raisonnable et ne cr\u00e9ait pas de d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre significatif. La clause n’est donc pas jug\u00e9e abusive, validant la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme. La port\u00e9e de cette analyse est importante. Elle d\u00e9montre que l’appr\u00e9ciation du caract\u00e8re abusif est concr\u00e8te et contextuelle, \u00e9valuant le fonctionnement r\u00e9el de la clause et les d\u00e9lais effectivement accord\u00e9s au consommateur.<\/p>\n

Les sanctions proc\u00e9durales et la mod\u00e9ration du juge<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision illustre enfin les cons\u00e9quences d’un manquement aux obligations d’information et le pouvoir mod\u00e9rateur du juge. Le pr\u00eateur doit justifier du strict respect d’un formalisme informatif \u00e9tendu. L’omission de produire des documents comme la fiche d’information pr\u00e9contractuelle entra\u00eene la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du droit aux int\u00e9r\u00eats. En l’esp\u00e8ce, le juge constate que toutes les pi\u00e8ces requises ont \u00e9t\u00e9 produites, \u00e9cartant ainsi cette sanction. N\u00e9anmoins, il exerce son pouvoir de mod\u00e9ration sur la clause p\u00e9nale. L’article 1231-5 du code civil lui permet de r\u00e9duire une clause p\u00e9nale manifestement excessive. Consid\u00e9rant que l’indemnit\u00e9 contractuelle de 8% \u00e9tait disproportionn\u00e9e au regard du pr\u00e9judice, il la r\u00e9duit \u00e0 la somme symbolique de cinquante euros. Cette r\u00e9duction d’office souligne le r\u00f4le actif du juge dans la protection du consommateur contre les sanctions disproportionn\u00e9es. Elle rappelle que la validation de la cr\u00e9ance principale n’immunise pas les clauses accessoires contre un contr\u00f4le de proportionnalit\u00e9. En d\u00e9finitive, le juge op\u00e8re un \u00e9quilibre entre la sanction l\u00e9gitime de l’inex\u00e9cution et la protection du d\u00e9biteur contre des exigences excessives.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire en date du 25 mars 2025, examine une action en paiement fond\u00e9e sur un c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9570,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68dd9ece548223b2c7adfe81","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68dd9ece548223b2c7adfe81","_kj_judilibre_id":"68dd9ece548223b2c7adfe81","_kj_jur":"Tribunal judiciaire","_kj_lieu":"Tribunal judiciaire de Toulouse","_kj_chambre":"JCP FOND","_kj_rg":"25\/01218","_kj_date":"2025-09-30","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-655567","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire de Toulouse, le 25 mars 2025, n\u00b025\/01218 - 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