{"id":659232,"date":"2026-04-23T12:55:02","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T10:55:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-caen-le-26-mai-2023-n24-00613\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T12:55:02","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T10:55:02","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-caen-le-26-mai-2023-n24-00613","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tr\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-caen-le-26-mai-2023-n24-00613\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Caen, le 26 mai 2023, n\u00b024\/00613"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Le tribunal judiciaire de Caen, statuant en mati\u00e8re de protection sociale, a rendu son jugement le 26 mai 2023. Une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile immobili\u00e8re avait form\u00e9 opposition suite \u00e0 une contrainte \u00e9mise par la caisse d’allocations familiales. L’organisme demandait le remboursement d’allocations logement ind\u00fbment vers\u00e9es. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile immobili\u00e8re invoquait notamment la prescription biennale de l’action en recouvrement. Le tribunal a rejet\u00e9 ces moyens et condamn\u00e9 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 au remboursement des sommes. Il a \u00e9galement d\u00e9bout\u00e9 cette derni\u00e8re de ses demandes reconventionnelles en paiement et en dommages-int\u00e9r\u00eats.<\/p>\n

Le r\u00e9gime de la prescription de l’action en recouvrement<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9termination du point de d\u00e9part du d\u00e9lai. Le tribunal rappelle les r\u00e8gles de prescription applicables aux prestations indues. Le point de d\u00e9part se situe \u00e0 la date \u00e0 laquelle les prestations indues ont \u00e9t\u00e9 effectivement pay\u00e9es. Cependant, le texte pr\u00e9voit une exception notable en cas de comportement frauduleux. En cas de fraude ou de fausses d\u00e9clarations, le point de d\u00e9part de la prescription est report\u00e9 \u00e0 la date de d\u00e9couverte de celle-ci. Cette distinction est fondamentale pour le calcul du d\u00e9lai. Elle conditionne la recevabilit\u00e9 de l’action intent\u00e9e par l’organisme payeur.<\/p>\n

L’incidence d’une fraude sur la computation des d\u00e9lais. La d\u00e9cision op\u00e8re une application concr\u00e8te de ces principes \u00e0 l’esp\u00e8ce. Elle constate l’existence de fausses d\u00e9clarations de la part du bailleur. Ces fausses d\u00e9clarations de la SCI NEVA constituent manifestement une fraude, nonobstant l\u2019absence de poursuites p\u00e9nales. La qualification de fraude \u00e9carte l’application de la prescription biennale de droit commun. Le point de d\u00e9part est ainsi report\u00e9 \u00e0 la date de d\u00e9couverte des agissements r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensibles. La notification d’indu intervient alors dans un d\u00e9lai permis, rendant l’action recevable.<\/p>\n

La caract\u00e9risation de l’indu et la sanction des agissements frauduleux<\/p>\n

Les conditions d’ouverture du droit \u00e0 l’allocation logement. Le tribunal analyse pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les faits pour \u00e9tablir le caract\u00e8re indu des versements. L’allocation est subordonn\u00e9e \u00e0 la condition d’une r\u00e9sidence principale. La notion de r\u00e9sidence principale doit \u00eatre entendue au sens du logement effectivement occup\u00e9 au moins huit mois par an. Or, les investigations d\u00e9montrent que l’allocataire d\u00e9clar\u00e9 n’occupait pas le studio faisant l’objet de l’attestation de loyer. Le bailleur a per\u00e7u l\u2019allocation logement pour ce locataire jusqu\u2019au mois de juin 2011 sans informer la CAF de son d\u00e9part. Les versements \u00e9taient donc priv\u00e9s de cause l\u00e9gale d\u00e8s l’origine.<\/p>\n

La reconnaissance d’une fraude justifiant la restitution. Le juge qualifie les agissements du bailleur en relevant des contradictions dans ses d\u00e9clarations. Il a reconnu qu\u2019il s\u2019agissait d\u2019un arrangement entre les parties pour percevoir int\u00e9gralement le loyer. Le tribunal d\u00e9duit de ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments une intention frauduleuse. Ces fausses d\u00e9clarations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faites \u00e0 la CAF pour obtenir le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice d\u2019une allocation logement. Le fondement juridique de la condamnation au remboursement est alors clair. L’article 1302-1 du code civil pr\u00e9voit que celui qui per\u00e7oit sciemment ce qui ne lui est pas d\u00fb s’oblige \u00e0 le restituer. La condamnation au remboursement de l’int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 des sommes per\u00e7ues en d\u00e9coule logiquement.<\/p>\n

Ce jugement illustre la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 du juge \u00e0 l’\u00e9gard des man’uvres frauduleuses dans l’obtention d’aides sociales. Il rappelle que la bonne foi est une condition essentielle dans les relations avec les organismes payeurs. La port\u00e9e de la d\u00e9cision r\u00e9side dans l’interpr\u00e9tation large de la notion de fraude. Celle-ci peut \u00eatre retenue ind\u00e9pendamment de toute poursuite p\u00e9nale pr\u00e9alable. La valeur de l’arr\u00eat est de confirmer une jurisprudence protectrice des deniers publics. Elle rejoint une solution ant\u00e9rieure selon laquelle la notification d’indu interrompt la prescription. “La notification d’indu adress\u00e9e aux appelants le 21 novembre 2017 a interrompu la prescription de l’action” (Tribunal judiciaire de Paris, le 2 avril 2025, n\u00b023\/03196). Le raisonnement adopt\u00e9 renforce l’efficacit\u00e9 du recouvrement des prestations indues. Il dissuade les tentatives de contournement des r\u00e8gles d’attribution des aides au logement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le tribunal judiciaire de Caen, statuant en mati\u00e8re de protection sociale, a rendu son jugement le 26 mai 2023. 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