{"id":662530,"date":"2026-04-23T19:41:38","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T17:41:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-paris-le-16-mai-2025-n25-01633\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T19:41:38","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T17:41:38","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-paris-le-16-mai-2025-n25-01633","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tr\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-paris-le-16-mai-2025-n25-01633\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Paris, le 16 mai 2025, n\u00b025\/01633"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Le tribunal judiciaire de Paris, statuant en mati\u00e8re de contentieux de la protection, a rendu une d\u00e9cision le 16 mai 2025. Une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 garantissant les impay\u00e9s de loyer avait r\u00e9gl\u00e9 les sommes dues au bailleur. Elle a ensuite engag\u00e9 une action en constatation de la r\u00e9solution du bail et en expulsion du locataire d\u00e9faillant. Le juge a examin\u00e9 la recevabilit\u00e9 de cette action intent\u00e9e par la caution et le bien-fond\u00e9 de la demande de r\u00e9siliation. La solution admet la recevabilit\u00e9 de l’action de la caution subrog\u00e9e et constate la r\u00e9solution du bail tout en accordant des d\u00e9lais de paiement.<\/p>\n

La subrogation, fondement d’une action en r\u00e9siliation par la caution<\/p>\n

La caution ayant pay\u00e9 la dette du locataire se voit reconna\u00eetre une qualit\u00e9 \u00e0 agir \u00e9tendue. Cette extension lui permet d’exercer les pr\u00e9rogatives du bailleur initial, y compris l’action en r\u00e9siliation du contrat de location.<\/p>\n

Une subrogation conventionnelle et l\u00e9gale aux effets \u00e9tendus<\/em>
\nLe juge fonde sa d\u00e9cision sur le jeu combin\u00e9 des dispositions l\u00e9gales et des stipulations contractuelles. Il rappelle le principe de la subrogation l\u00e9gale \u00e9nonc\u00e9 \u00e0 l’article 2306 du Code civil. “la caution qui a pay\u00e9 la dette est subrog\u00e9e \u00e0 tous les droits qu’avait le cr\u00e9ancier contre le d\u00e9bitera” (Motifs). La convention sp\u00e9cifique liant les parties pr\u00e9voyait express\u00e9ment que “la subrogation doit permettre d’engager une proc\u00e9dure en r\u00e9siliation de bail” (Motifs). Cette double assise l\u00e9gale et conventionnelle conf\u00e8re \u00e0 la caution une l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 pleine et enti\u00e8re. La port\u00e9e de cette analyse est de s\u00e9curiser l’intervention des organismes caution en logement. Elle leur permet d’agir efficacement pour stopper la dette, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 une jurisprudence r\u00e9cente. “Ainsi, tant les dispositions l\u00e9gales que les stipulations contractuelles du cautionnement autorisent express\u00e9ment la caution qui a r\u00e9gl\u00e9 la dette \u00e0 agir en r\u00e9solution du bail” (Tribunal judiciaire de Tours, le 5 juin 2025, n\u00b024\/04922).<\/p>\n

L’exercice effectif des droits du cr\u00e9ancier subrogeant<\/em>
\nLa caution subrog\u00e9e ne se limite pas \u00e0 une action en recouvrement des sommes vers\u00e9es. Elle endosse pleinement la position du bailleur d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9 et peut mettre en \u0153uvre la clause r\u00e9solutoire. La quittance subrogative produite pr\u00e9cisait que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 “est subrog\u00e9e dans tous les droits et actions issus du contrat de bail” (Motifs). Le juge en d\u00e9duit logiquement que la caution peut exercer l’action en r\u00e9siliation. Cette solution consacre une interpr\u00e9tation large des droits accessoires \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ance transf\u00e9r\u00e9e. La valeur de cette position est d’offrir une protection compl\u00e8te \u00e0 la caution. Elle peut ainsi engager toutes les actions n\u00e9cessaires pour pr\u00e9server ses int\u00e9r\u00eats apr\u00e8s paiement. Cette approche rejoint celle d’autres juridictions sur l’\u00e9tendue des actions ouvertes \u00e0 la caution subrog\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

La mise en \u0153uvre conditionn\u00e9e de la r\u00e9solution pour impay\u00e9s<\/p>\n

La constatation de la r\u00e9solution du bail est soumise au strict respect des conditions l\u00e9gales protectrices du locataire. Le juge v\u00e9rifie scrupuleusement ces conditions avant d’ordonner l’expulsion, qu’il assortit n\u00e9anmoins de mesures d’apurement.<\/p>\n

Le respect des formalit\u00e9s substantielles pr\u00e9alables \u00e0 la r\u00e9solution<\/em>
\nL’acquisition de la clause r\u00e9solutoire est subordonn\u00e9e \u00e0 l’accomplissement d’un formalisme imp\u00e9ratif. Le juge rappelle que l’article 24 de la loi du 6 juillet 1989 impose un commandement de payer pr\u00e9alable. “toute clause pr\u00e9voyant la r\u00e9siliation de plein droit du contrat de location pour d\u00e9faut de paiement […] ne produit effet que deux mois apr\u00e8s un commandement de payer demeurer infructueux” (Motifs). En l’esp\u00e8ce, un commandement de payer a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9livr\u00e9 par acte d’huissier et est rest\u00e9 sans effet. Le juge constate ainsi que les conditions l\u00e9gales sont remplies pour la r\u00e9solution de plein droit. La port\u00e9e de ce contr\u00f4le est de rappeler le caract\u00e8re d’ordre public des dispositions protectrices du locataire. La sanction de la d\u00e9faillance du locataire ne peut intervenir qu’apr\u00e8s une mise en demeure r\u00e9guli\u00e8re. Cette rigueur proc\u00e9durale constitue un \u00e9quilibre essentiel dans les rapports bailleur-locataire.<\/p>\n

Une expulsion prononc\u00e9e mais temp\u00e9r\u00e9e par des d\u00e9lais de gr\u00e2ce<\/em>
\nBien que constatant la r\u00e9solution du bail, le juge use de son pouvoir d’\u00e9quit\u00e9 pour am\u00e9nager les cons\u00e9quences. Il ordonne l’expulsion mais suspend ses effets sous condition du respect d’un \u00e9ch\u00e9ancier. Le locataire est autoris\u00e9 \u00e0 apurer sa dette par trente-six mensualit\u00e9s. “Les effets de la clause r\u00e9solutoire seront suspendus pendant ces d\u00e9lais et le bail ne sera pas r\u00e9sili\u00e9” (Motifs). Cette d\u00e9cision illustre la conciliation entre la sanction de l’inex\u00e9cution et la protection sociale du locataire. La valeur de cette mesure est de pr\u00e9venir une expulsion imm\u00e9diate tout en garantissant le recouvrement de la cr\u00e9ance. Elle t\u00e9moigne de la marge de man\u0153uvre du juge pour adapter la solution aux circonstances de l’esp\u00e8ce. L’expulsion devient ainsi une mesure ultime en cas de nouveau manquement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le tribunal judiciaire de Paris, statuant en mati\u00e8re de contentieux de la protection, a rendu une d\u00e9cision le 16 mai 2025. Une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 garantissant les impay…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":4887,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68d7074ed22713eb88cb232c","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68d7074ed22713eb88cb232c","_kj_judilibre_id":"68d7074ed22713eb88cb232c","_kj_jur":"Tribunal judiciaire","_kj_lieu":"Tribunal judiciaire de Toulouse","_kj_chambre":"JCP FOND","_kj_rg":"25\/01633","_kj_date":"2025-09-25","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-662530","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire de Paris, le 16 mai 2025, n\u00b025\/01633 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le tribunal judiciaire de Paris, statuant en mati\u00e8re de contentieux de la protection, a rendu une d\u00e9cision le 16 mai 2025. 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