{"id":663292,"date":"2026-04-23T20:55:26","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T18:55:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-bourges-le-11-avril-2025-n24-01203\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T20:55:26","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T18:55:26","slug":"cour-dappel-de-bourges-le-11-avril-2025-n24-01203","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tr\/cour-dappel-de-bourges-le-11-avril-2025-n24-01203\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Bourges, le 11 avril 2025, n\u00b024\/01203"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

La Cour d’appel de Bourges, statuant le 11 avril 2025, examine l’ex\u00e9cution d’un jugement prud’homal. L’employeur avait \u00e9t\u00e9 condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 remettre deux fiches d’exposition sous astreinte. La juridiction d’appel doit liquider cette astreinte et v\u00e9rifier la conformit\u00e9 des documents produits. Elle confirme partiellement le jugement d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 tout en r\u00e9duisant consid\u00e9rablement le montant de la condamnation p\u00e9cuniaire. L’arr\u00eat pr\u00e9cise \u00e9galement les obligations persistantes de l’employeur concernant la fiche amiante.<\/p>\n

L’autorit\u00e9 de la chose jug\u00e9e et l’\u00e9tendue du contr\u00f4le
\nLe juge de la liquidation de l’astreinte est strictement encadr\u00e9 par l’autorit\u00e9 de la chose jug\u00e9e. Il ne peut remettre en cause les obligations fix\u00e9es par la d\u00e9cision initiale. “Le juge de la liquidation ne peut, sans porter atteinte \u00e0 l’autorit\u00e9 de la chose jug\u00e9e attach\u00e9e \u00e0 une d\u00e9cision fixant des obligations assorties d’une astreinte, soit modifier les obligations, soit dire que l’astreinte ne s’applique pas \u00e0 certaines d’entre elles” (3e Civ., 10 novembre 2016, pourvoi n\u00b0 15-21.949). La cour rappelle ainsi que son office se limite \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler l’ex\u00e9cution des injonctions prononc\u00e9es. Elle ne saurait donc modifier le fond de l’obligation de remettre une fiche d’exposition conforme. Cette position garantit la stabilit\u00e9 des d\u00e9cisions de justice et leur force ex\u00e9cutoire. Elle emp\u00eache le d\u00e9biteur de contester \u00e0 nouveau le bien-fond\u00e9 de la condamnation lors de la phase d’ex\u00e9cution.<\/p>\n

L’interpr\u00e9tation de l’obligation doit cependant respecter le cadre l\u00e9gal imp\u00e9ratif. La cour \u00e9carte l’argument de l’employeur sur la nature accidentelle de l’exposition. Elle souligne que le texte s’applique d\u00e8s qu’une exposition est constat\u00e9e. “L’article R. 4412-120 du code du travail n’exige pas que l’employeur ait eu une connaissance pr\u00e9alable de la pr\u00e9sence d’amiante pour \u00eatre tenu \u00e0 l’obligation d’\u00e9tablir une fiche d’exposition” (Motifs). Le mod\u00e8le de fiche accidentelle lui-m\u00eame doit se conformer \u00e0 cet article. La port\u00e9e de l’arr\u00eat est donc d’affirmer le caract\u00e8re objectif de cette obligation de s\u00e9curit\u00e9. L’employeur ne peut s’exon\u00e9rer en invoquant son ignorance du risque. La protection du salari\u00e9 prime sur la bonne foi pr\u00e9sum\u00e9e de l’entreprise. Cette lecture stricte renforce les obligations de l’employeur en mati\u00e8re de tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 des expositions.<\/p>\n

La liquidation proportionnelle de l’astreinte
\nLe pouvoir d’appr\u00e9ciation du juge pour liquider l’astreinte est guid\u00e9 par la proportionnalit\u00e9. La cour rappelle que ce pouvoir doit s’exercer de mani\u00e8re concr\u00e8te. “Il appartient au juge saisi d’une demande de liquidation de l’astreinte d’appr\u00e9cier, de mani\u00e8re concr\u00e8te, s’il existe un rapport raisonnable de proportionnalit\u00e9 entre le montant auquel il liquide l’astreinte et l’enjeu du litige” (2e Civ., 20 janvier 2022, pourvoi n\u00b0 20-15.261). L’astreinte a une fonction incitative et compensatrice, mais non punitive. La cour prend en compte les difficult\u00e9s pratiques rencontr\u00e9es par l’employeur pour ex\u00e9cuter une obligation ancienne. Elle rel\u00e8ve notamment l’impossibilit\u00e9 mat\u00e9rielle de fournir un taux d’empoussi\u00e8rement pr\u00e9cis plusieurs ann\u00e9es apr\u00e8s les faits. Cette approche concr\u00e8te temp\u00e8re la rigueur de l’obligation.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9duction drastique du montant sanctionne une ex\u00e9cution partielle et tardive. La cour constate que les fiches ont \u00e9t\u00e9 communiqu\u00e9es avec retard et demeurent incompl\u00e8tes. Elle liquide ainsi l’astreinte \u00e0 6 000 euros, soit une fraction minime de la somme initialement r\u00e9clam\u00e9e. Cette d\u00e9cision valorise la bonne foi dans l’ex\u00e9cution et les difficult\u00e9s rencontr\u00e9es. Elle tient compte du fait que l’obligation concernait plusieurs salari\u00e9s et d’une certaine impr\u00e9cision du jugement de premi\u00e8re instance. La solution illustre la recherche d’un \u00e9quilibre entre l’effectivit\u00e9 des d\u00e9cisions et l’\u00e9quit\u00e9 envers le d\u00e9biteur. Elle \u00e9vite qu’une astreinte non liquid\u00e9e ne devienne une sanction disproportionn\u00e9e par rapport \u00e0 la faute commise.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La Cour d’appel de Bourges, statuant le 11 avril 2025, examine l’ex\u00e9cution d’un jugement prud’homal. 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