{"id":683909,"date":"2026-04-25T19:09:51","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:09:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-colmar-le-30-avril-2024-n24-01995\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T19:09:51","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:09:51","slug":"cour-dappel-de-colmar-le-30-avril-2024-n24-01995","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tr\/cour-dappel-de-colmar-le-30-avril-2024-n24-01995\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Colmar, le 30 avril 2024, n\u00b024\/01995"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La Cour d\u2019appel de Colmar, 19 juin 2025, statue sur un appel d\u2019une ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du tribunal judiciaire de Mulhouse du 30 avril 2024 ayant refus\u00e9 une expertise sollicit\u00e9e sur le fondement de l\u2019article 145 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile. L\u2019esp\u00e8ce concerne l\u2019acqu\u00e9reur d\u2019un immeuble de rapport qui invoque des d\u00e9sordres et non-conformit\u00e9s affectant l\u2019installation de chauffage et de gaz, emp\u00eachant l\u2019entretien des chaudi\u00e8res. Un diagnostic avait \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 avant la vente. Plusieurs pi\u00e8ces post\u00e9rieures, relatives \u00e0 des contr\u00f4les et \u00e0 une intervention de plomberie, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 produites. Le premier juge a \u00e9cart\u00e9 le motif l\u00e9gitime, et l\u2019appelant s\u2019est parall\u00e8lement d\u00e9sist\u00e9 de son appel dirig\u00e9 contre le diagnostiqueur et son assureur. La juridiction d\u2019appel confirme le refus, retient que le litige potentiel appara\u00eet manifestement vou\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec, et r\u00e8gle accessoirement l\u2019incident de production d\u2019une attestation d\u2019assurance devenu sans objet.<\/p>\n

La question est celle des conditions d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une mesure d\u2019instruction in futurum lorsque l\u2019acqu\u00e9reur connaissait, par un diagnostic annex\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019acte, des anomalies de l\u2019installation int\u00e9rieure de gaz, et que les \u00e9l\u00e9ments post\u00e9rieurs ne suffisent pas \u00e0 \u00e9tablir un grief nouveau ou plus grave. La Cour rappelle la lettre de l\u2019article 145, puis pr\u00e9cise l\u2019office du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s quant \u00e0 l\u2019existence d\u2019un litige potentiel non manifestement d\u00e9pourvu de chance. La solution r\u00e9affirme un contr\u00f4le substantiel du motif l\u00e9gitime et rattache ce dernier \u00e0 la plausibilit\u00e9 d\u2019actions envisageables, notamment en garantie des vices cach\u00e9s ou pour d\u00e9livrance non conforme.<\/p>\n

Selon la Cour, \u00ab Selon l’article 145 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile s’il existe un motif l\u00e9gitime de conserver ou d’\u00e9tablir avant tout proc\u00e8s la preuve de faits dont pourrait d\u00e9pendre la solution d’un litige, les mesures d’instruction l\u00e9galement admissibles peuvent \u00eatre ordonn\u00e9es \u00e0 la demande de tout int\u00e9ress\u00e9, sur requ\u00eate ou en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. \u00bb Elle ajoute, s\u2019agissant de l\u2019office du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s, qu\u2019\u00ab il n’appartient pas \u00e0 la juridiction des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s de trancher les conditions de mise en oeuvre de l’action que cette partie pourrait ult\u00e9rieurement engager, mais de caract\u00e9riser l’existence d’un litige potentiel susceptible d’opposer les parties, qui ne soit pas manifestement vou\u00e9 \u00e0 l’\u00e9chec. \u00bb En l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, la juridiction note l\u2019information pr\u00e9alable de l\u2019acqu\u00e9reur par le diagnostic, la faiblesse des \u00e9l\u00e9ments techniques ult\u00e9rieurs et le d\u00e9lai de plus de trois ans avant l\u2019assignation. Elle souligne encore que les actions au fond envisag\u00e9es apparaissent vou\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec au regard des pi\u00e8ces. D\u2019o\u00f9 la confirmation du refus d\u2019expertise et l\u2019allocation de frais au titre de l\u2019article 700 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile. \u00ab L’ordonnance entreprise sera donc confirm\u00e9e en tant qu’elle a rejet\u00e9 la demande d’expertise, ainsi qu’en ses dispositions relatives aux d\u00e9pens et frais exclus des d\u00e9pens. \u00bb<\/p>\n

I. Le sens de la d\u00e9cision: un contr\u00f4le exigeant du motif l\u00e9gitime de l\u2019article 145<\/p>\n

A. La d\u00e9finition op\u00e9ratoire du filtre du \u00ab litige non manifestement vou\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec \u00bb<\/p>\n

La Cour d\u2019appel r\u00e9affirme une lecture finaliste de l\u2019article 145, centr\u00e9e sur la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019un diff\u00e9rend plausible. Le texte est rappel\u00e9 dans sa lettre, puis imm\u00e9diatement interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 dans une perspective t\u00e9l\u00e9ologique. Le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s n\u2019\u00e9puise pas le fond, mais v\u00e9rifie la consistance du litige potentiel. L\u2019extrait suivant constitue le c\u0153ur du raisonnement: \u00ab Pour appr\u00e9cier l’existence d’un motif l\u00e9gitime [\u2026] il n’appartient pas \u00e0 la juridiction des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s [\u2026] mais de caract\u00e9riser l’existence d’un litige potentiel susceptible d’opposer les parties, qui ne soit pas manifestement vou\u00e9 \u00e0 l’\u00e9chec. \u00bb Le motif l\u00e9gitime exige donc plus qu\u2019un soup\u00e7on; il requiert des indices s\u00e9rieux rendant envisageable une action au fond.<\/p>\n

Cette approche concentre l\u2019office du juge autour d\u2019un double seuil. D\u2019une part, la mesure ne peut suppl\u00e9er une carence probatoire totale. D\u2019autre part, elle ne peut \u00eatre accord\u00e9e si la future action s\u2019annonce ob\u00e9r\u00e9e par des obstacles insurmontables, tenant \u00e0 la connaissance ant\u00e9rieure du demandeur, \u00e0 des clauses contractuelles ou \u00e0 des prescriptions acquises. Le contr\u00f4le demeure ex ante, mais substantiel, et refuse l\u2019instrumentalisation de l\u2019instruction in futurum en pr\u00e9contentieux weak.<\/p>\n

B. L\u2019application aux ventes d\u2019immeubles avec diagnostics: connaissance pr\u00e9alable, pi\u00e8ces lacunaires et temporalit\u00e9<\/p>\n

La Cour rattache le litige aux informations pr\u00e9contractuelles et contractuelles. L\u2019acqu\u00e9reur \u00e9tait inform\u00e9, par le diagnostic annex\u00e9, d\u2019anomalies affectant l\u2019installation int\u00e9rieure de gaz, certaines entravant l\u2019entretien. La motivation insiste ensuite sur l\u2019insuffisance des pi\u00e8ces compl\u00e9mentaires, notamment un message sommaire d\u2019un intervenant et des factures peu circonstanci\u00e9es. La formulation retenue est nette: \u00ab il ne r\u00e9sulte aucun \u00e9l\u00e9ment en faveur de l’existence de vices cach\u00e9s \u00bb. Le crit\u00e8re n\u2019est pas quantitatif, mais qualitatif; la juridiction attend des \u00e9l\u00e9ments techniques fiables et circonstanci\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

La temporalit\u00e9 p\u00e8se. Un d\u00e9lai sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 trois ans s\u2019est \u00e9coul\u00e9 entre la vente et l\u2019assignation. L\u2019encha\u00eenement factuel fragilise la plausibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un vice cach\u00e9, en l\u2019absence d\u2019indices \u00e9tablissant l\u2019ant\u00e9riorit\u00e9 et la gravit\u00e9 du d\u00e9faut. \u00c0 cela s\u2019ajoute une proposition de chiffrage rest\u00e9e sans suite avant l\u2019acte, ce qui confirme la connaissance des anomalies et la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une adaptation contractuelle anticip\u00e9e. Le faisceau conduit \u00e0 refuser la mesure, la perspective d\u2019actions en garantie ou en d\u00e9livrance conforme n\u2019\u00e9tant pas suffisamment \u00e9tay\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

II. Valeur et port\u00e9e: orthodoxie proc\u00e9durale et exigences probatoires accrues en amont du proc\u00e8s<\/p>\n

A. Une orthodoxie protectrice de l\u2019\u00e9conomie du litige et de la loyaut\u00e9 probatoire<\/p>\n

La solution s\u2019inscrit dans une ligne de rigueur qui pr\u00e9serve la finalit\u00e9 de l\u2019article 145. La mesure n\u2019est pas un droit automatique; elle suppose une utilit\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9e et un litige cr\u00e9dible. En exigeant un examen de la plausibilit\u00e9, la Cour \u00e9vite que l\u2019instruction in futurum serve \u00e0 explorer indistinctement des hypoth\u00e8ses non \u00e9tay\u00e9es. Le filtre prot\u00e8ge l\u2019\u00e9conomie du proc\u00e8s et pr\u00e9vient la multiplication d\u2019expertises de confort.<\/p>\n

Cette orthodoxie r\u00e8gle utilement la fronti\u00e8re entre l\u2019administration anticip\u00e9e de la preuve et l\u2019expertise de commodit\u00e9. Le standard \u00ab non manifestement vou\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec \u00bb m\u00e9nage l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la preuve lorsque le diff\u00e9rend est solide, tout en refusant le contournement de charges probatoires \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires. La d\u00e9marche est \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e: elle maintient la neutralit\u00e9 du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s sur le fond, et en m\u00eame temps garantit une densit\u00e9 minimale du dossier pr\u00e9contentieux.<\/p>\n

B. Les enseignements pratiques pour la vente d\u2019immeuble: diligence de l\u2019acqu\u00e9reur, solidit\u00e9 des indices et ma\u00eetrise du temps<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e pratique est nette. En pr\u00e9sence d\u2019un diagnostic pr\u00e9alable mentionnant des anomalies, l\u2019acqu\u00e9reur doit, avant toute demande d\u2019expertise, r\u00e9unir des indices techniques pr\u00e9cis \u00e9tablissant l\u2019existence, la nature et l\u2019ant\u00e9riorit\u00e9 de non-conformit\u00e9s plus graves que celles connues. Des constats circonstanci\u00e9s, des rapports contradictoires, et des pi\u00e8ces d\u2019entretien document\u00e9es seront d\u00e9cisifs. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut, l\u2019expertise est refus\u00e9e comme suppl\u00e9tive d\u2019une preuve inexistante.<\/p>\n

Le temps est d\u00e9terminant. Un long d\u00e9lai d\u2019inaction affaiblit la plausibilit\u00e9 du grief et brouille l\u2019imputation temporelle des d\u00e9fauts all\u00e9gu\u00e9s. La solution invite \u00e0 agir diligemment, \u00e0 solliciter les v\u00e9rifications utiles sans attendre, et \u00e0 conserver la tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 des interventions. Elle rappelle aussi l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat d\u2019exploiter, avant la vente, les informations contenues dans les diagnostics, par des devis ou r\u00e9serves, plut\u00f4t que d\u2019esp\u00e9rer une requalification contentieuse ult\u00e9rieure.<\/p>\n

Enfin, l\u2019arr\u00eat conforte l\u2019id\u00e9e que l\u2019article 145 n\u2019est pas un rem\u00e8de universel aux incertitudes probatoires de l\u2019acheteur inform\u00e9. La mesure demeure ouverte lorsque des \u00e9l\u00e9ments s\u00e9rieux la justifient, mais se ferme lorsque la connaissance pr\u00e9alable, des pi\u00e8ces faibles et une chronologie d\u00e9favorable r\u00e9v\u00e8lent un litige qui, selon la Cour, \u00ab ne soit pas manifestement vou\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chec \u00bb. La confirmation du refus, les d\u00e9pens et l\u2019application de l\u2019article 700 compl\u00e8tent une solution coh\u00e9rente et pr\u00e9visible dans son \u00e9conomie.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La Cour d\u2019appel de Colmar, 19 juin 2025, statue sur un appel d\u2019une ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du tribunal judiciaire de Mulhouse du 30 avril 2024 ayant refus\u00e9 une …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":4920,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"6854f50c8c8ca1d050d0885d","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6854f50c8c8ca1d050d0885d","_kj_judilibre_id":"6854f50c8c8ca1d050d0885d","_kj_jur":"Cour d'appel","_kj_lieu":"Colmar","_kj_chambre":"Chambre 2 A","_kj_rg":"24\/01995","_kj_date":"2025-06-19","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-683909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Colmar, le 30 avril 2024, n\u00b024\/01995 - 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