{"id":684507,"date":"2026-04-25T19:42:53","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:42:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-paris-le-18-juin-2025-n25-52248\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T19:42:53","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T17:42:53","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-paris-le-18-juin-2025-n25-52248","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tr\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-paris-le-18-juin-2025-n25-52248\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Paris, le 18 juin 2025, n\u00b025\/52248"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Par ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 18 juin 2025, le Tribunal judiciaire de Paris r\u00e8gle un diff\u00e9rend n\u00e9 d\u2019un bail commercial. Le bail avait \u00e9t\u00e9 conclu le 2 juillet 2024, pour des locaux commerciaux, avec un loyer annuel de 54 886,84 euros. Des impay\u00e9s survenus, un commandement de payer visant la clause r\u00e9solutoire fut signifi\u00e9 le 7 f\u00e9vrier 2025 pour un montant de 20 152,72 euros. Le 17 mars 2025, le bailleur assigna en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 pour voir constater l\u2019acquisition de la clause, obtenir l\u2019expulsion, une provision, une indemnit\u00e9 d\u2019occupation et des frais. \u00c0 l\u2019audience, la dette fut arr\u00eat\u00e9e \u00e0 28 000 euros, le bailleur acceptant un \u00e9ch\u00e9ancier mensuel de 1 316,15 euros, tandis que la locataire comparaissait sans constituer avocat. La question portait sur la possibilit\u00e9, en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9, d\u2019allouer une provision et de constater l\u2019acquisition de la clause r\u00e9solutoire, puis d\u2019en suspendre les effets par octroi de d\u00e9lais de paiement. L\u2019ordonnance alloue une provision de 28 000 euros, constate que les conditions d\u2019acquisition de la clause sont r\u00e9unies, suspend ses effets sous condition d\u2019ex\u00e9cution d\u2019un plan de remboursement, et pr\u00e9voit l\u2019expulsion et une indemnit\u00e9 d\u2019occupation en cas de d\u00e9faillance.<\/p>\n

I. Les conditions du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision et de la clause r\u00e9solutoire<\/p>\n

A. L\u2019obligation non s\u00e9rieusement contestable et la provision<\/p>\n

Le juge rappelle d\u2019abord le cadre proc\u00e9dural de la demande non contradictoire compl\u00e8te, en soulignant que \u00ab lorsque le d\u00e9fendeur ne compara\u00eet pas, le juge fait droit \u00e0 la demande s\u2019il l\u2019estime r\u00e9guli\u00e8re, recevable et bien fond\u00e9e \u00bb. La d\u00e9marche reste classique en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9, o\u00f9 l\u2019office du juge se limite \u00e0 \u00e9carter les contestations s\u00e9rieuses et \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier la base l\u00e9gale des pr\u00e9tentions.<\/p>\n

La provision ob\u00e9it \u00e0 l\u2019article 835 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, que l\u2019ordonnance cite pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment: \u00ab dans les cas o\u00f9 l’existence de l’obligation n’est pas s\u00e9rieusement contestable, le pr\u00e9sident du tribunal judiciaire peut accorder une provision au cr\u00e9ancier \u00bb. Le rappel de l\u2019article 1728 du code civil, selon lequel \u00ab le locataire doit payer le loyer et les charges au terme convenu \u00bb, situe la dette dans le champ des obligations contractuelles pures. La pi\u00e8ce comptable et l\u2019\u00e9change pr\u00e9alable suffisent \u00e0 \u00e9tablir la cr\u00e9ance: \u00ab Il r\u00e9sulte du d\u00e9compte dat\u00e9 du 28 avril 2025 et du courrier du 15 mai 2025 que la d\u00e9fenderesse est redevable de la somme de 28 000 euros \u00bb. La motivation s\u2019en tient \u00e0 l\u2019exigence du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9-provision, \u00e0 savoir l\u2019absence de contestation s\u00e9rieuse, qui r\u00e9sulte ici du d\u00e9compte non contredit et du montant stabilis\u00e9 lors des d\u00e9bats.<\/p>\n

L\u2019allocation d\u2019une provision de 28 000 euros appara\u00eet ainsi conforme \u00e0 la lettre de l\u2019article 835 et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9conomie du bail. Le juge ne tranche pas le fond du droit; il v\u00e9rifie la certitude imm\u00e9diate de l\u2019obligation locative \u00e9chue. L\u2019\u00e9quilibre est assur\u00e9 par l\u2019adossement des \u00e9ch\u00e9ances futures \u00e0 l\u2019ex\u00e9cution provisoire, sans pr\u00e9juger du fond, lequel est express\u00e9ment renvoy\u00e9.<\/p>\n

B. La constatation de la clause r\u00e9solutoire en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9<\/p>\n

La juridiction de l\u2019\u00e9vidence se reconna\u00eet comp\u00e9tente pour constater la clause r\u00e9solutoire. L\u2019ordonnance rappelle que, \u00ab dans tous les cas d’urgence, le pr\u00e9sident du tribunal judiciaire peut ordonner en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 toutes les mesures qui ne se heurtent \u00e0 aucune contestation s\u00e9rieuse \u00bb. Surtout, elle pr\u00e9cise utilement que \u00ab le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s n’est toutefois pas tenu de caract\u00e9riser l’urgence pour constater l’acquisition de la clause r\u00e9solutoire et la r\u00e9siliation de droit d’un bail \u00bb. Cette formule consacre une voie proc\u00e9durale admise pour la r\u00e9siliation de plein droit des baux commerciaux lorsque les conditions formelles sont r\u00e9unies.<\/p>\n

Le c\u0153ur du contr\u00f4le r\u00e9side dans l\u2019article L.145-41 du code de commerce, que l\u2019ordonnance reproduit: \u00ab toute clause ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans le bail pr\u00e9voyant la r\u00e9siliation de plein droit ne produit effet qu’un mois apr\u00e8s un commandement demeur\u00e9 infructueux. Le commandement doit, \u00e0 peine de nullit\u00e9, mentionner ce d\u00e9lai \u00bb. Les motifs retiennent que \u00ab le commandement de payer rappelle les dispositions de l\u2019article L.145-41, vise la clause r\u00e9solutoire et mentionne le d\u00e9lai d\u2019un mois \u00bb. Ils ajoutent qu\u2019\u00ab il n’est pas \u00e9tabli que les causes de ce commandement ont \u00e9t\u00e9 acquitt\u00e9es dans le mois de sa d\u00e9livrance, de sorte que le contrat de bail s\u2019est trouv\u00e9 r\u00e9sili\u00e9 de plein droit \u00bb. Les v\u00e9rifications de forme et de d\u00e9lai sont ainsi op\u00e9r\u00e9es, sans examen du fond de la dette au-del\u00e0 de son existence et de son exigibilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

La solution s\u2019inscrit dans le droit positif des baux commerciaux. La clause r\u00e9solutoire joue de plein droit si le commandement est r\u00e9gulier et demeure infructueux. Le r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 est la voie adapt\u00e9e pour constater l\u2019acquisition, sous r\u00e9serve de la facult\u00e9 l\u00e9gale de suspension, qui constitue l\u2019autre versant de l\u2019arr\u00eat.<\/p>\n

II. La modulation des effets par les d\u00e9lais de gr\u00e2ce<\/p>\n

A. La suspension l\u00e9gale fond\u00e9e sur l\u2019alin\u00e9a 2 de l\u2019article L.145-41<\/p>\n

L\u2019ordonnance met en \u0153uvre l\u2019alin\u00e9a 2 de l\u2019article L.145-41, tel que rappel\u00e9 textuellement: \u00ab le juge saisi d’une demande pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e dans les formes et conditions pr\u00e9vues \u00e0 l’article 1343-5 du code civil peut, en accordant des d\u00e9lais, suspendre la r\u00e9alisation et les effets des clauses de r\u00e9siliation \u00bb. Elle en \u00e9nonce la cons\u00e9quence essentielle: \u00ab La clause r\u00e9solutoire ne joue pas, si le locataire se lib\u00e8re dans les conditions fix\u00e9es par le juge \u00bb. Ce pouvoir de modulation, autonome par rapport au constat d\u2019acquisition, permet de pr\u00e9server le bail si la dette est apur\u00e9e suivant un calendrier cr\u00e9dible.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision retient, \u00ab compte tenu de l\u2019accord du bailleur \u00bb, l\u2019octroi de d\u00e9lais, \u00ab qui auront pour effet de suspendre les effets de la clause r\u00e9solutoire \u00bb. Le plan adopt\u00e9 r\u00e9partit la dette en vingt et une mensualit\u00e9s \u00e9gales de 1 316,15 euros, le solde devant \u00eatre vers\u00e9 \u00e0 la vingt-deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9ch\u00e9ance. Il pr\u00e9cise le point de d\u00e9part et la p\u00e9riodicit\u00e9, assurant une visibilit\u00e9 suffisante pour les deux parties. La formule retenue, \u00ab la clause r\u00e9solutoire [\u2026] sera r\u00e9put\u00e9e n\u2019avoir jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 acquise en cas de respect des modalit\u00e9s de paiement \u00bb, exprime la purge r\u00e9troactive permise par le texte. L\u2019ordonnance concilie ainsi l\u2019effectivit\u00e9 de la clause et l\u2019objectif de maintien des relations contractuelles, sur fond d\u2019apurement int\u00e9gral.<\/p>\n

La valeur de la solution tient \u00e0 cette articulation fine. Le juge constate l\u2019acquisition, mais neutralise temporairement ses effets, sans priver le bailleur de ses garanties. Le m\u00e9canisme assume un \u00e9quilibre entre s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique et sauvegarde de l\u2019entreprise locataire.<\/p>\n

B. Les cons\u00e9quences de l\u2019inex\u00e9cution: reprise de la clause, expulsion et occupation<\/p>\n

La coh\u00e9rence du dispositif commande d\u2019organiser la sanction de la d\u00e9faillance. L\u2019ordonnance \u00e9nonce nettement: \u00ab \u00e0 d\u00e9faut de paiement d\u2019un seul terme (loyer ou arri\u00e9r\u00e9) \u00e0 son \u00e9ch\u00e9ance et dans son int\u00e9gralit\u00e9, le solde restant d\u00fb deviendra imm\u00e9diatement exigible et la clause r\u00e9solutoire reprendra ses effets \u00bb. La reprise des effets entra\u00eene la r\u00e9siliation de plein droit du bail, l\u2019expulsion de la locataire et de tout occupant, avec, au besoin, l\u2019assistance de la force publique. Le sort des meubles est rappel\u00e9 conform\u00e9ment aux articles L.433-1 et L.433-2 du code des proc\u00e9dures civiles d\u2019ex\u00e9cution, ce qui encadre la phase d\u2019ex\u00e9cution.<\/p>\n

L\u2019occupation sans droit produit la cr\u00e9ance indemnitaire. L\u2019ordonnance pr\u00e9cise qu\u2019\u00ab en cas de non-respect des d\u00e9lais de paiement, la d\u00e9fenderesse sera \u00e9galement redevable d\u2019une indemnit\u00e9 d\u2019occupation \u00e0 titre provisionnel, qu\u2019il convient de fixer \u00e0 une somme \u00e9gale au montant du loyer major\u00e9 des charges et taxes \u00bb. Le crit\u00e8re retenu, index\u00e9 sur le loyer contractuel et ses accessoires, s\u2019aligne sur une pratique jurisprudentielle constante. Il favorise une r\u00e9paration imm\u00e9diate et mesur\u00e9e, tout en demeurant provisoire dans l\u2019attente d\u2019un \u00e9ventuel jugement au fond.<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019ensemble satisfait aux exigences du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. Les mesures d\u2019ex\u00e9cution sont assorties de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution provisoire de droit. Les d\u00e9pens, y compris le co\u00fbt du commandement, sont mis \u00e0 la charge de la partie succombante; la demande au titre de l\u2019article 700 est abandonn\u00e9e, ce dont il est donn\u00e9 acte. La port\u00e9e de l\u2019ordonnance se lit dans sa p\u00e9dagogie: elle rappelle la rigueur de la clause r\u00e9solutoire, tout en d\u00e9ployant, de mani\u00e8re encadr\u00e9e, la facult\u00e9 de suspension au b\u00e9n\u00e9fice d\u2019un apurement structur\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 18 juin 2025, le Tribunal judiciaire de Paris r\u00e8gle un diff\u00e9rend n\u00e9 d\u2019un bail commercial. Le bail avait \u00e9t\u00e9 conclu le 2 juillet 2…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9592,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"685304d03dab2c52f54ec47f","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/685304d03dab2c52f54ec47f","_kj_judilibre_id":"685304d03dab2c52f54ec47f","_kj_jur":"Tribunal judiciaire","_kj_lieu":"Paris","_kj_chambre":"Service des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s","_kj_rg":"25\/52248","_kj_date":"2025-06-18","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-684507","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire de Paris, le 18 juin 2025, n\u00b025\/52248 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Par ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 18 juin 2025, le Tribunal judiciaire de Paris r\u00e8gle un diff\u00e9rend n\u00e9 d\u2019un bail commercial. 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