{"id":685553,"date":"2026-04-25T20:48:39","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T18:48:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-rennes-le-9-juillet-2025-n23-50-034\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T20:48:39","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T18:48:39","slug":"cour-dappel-de-rennes-le-9-juillet-2025-n23-50-034","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tr\/cour-dappel-de-rennes-le-9-juillet-2025-n23-50-034\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Rennes, le 9 juillet 2025, n\u00b023-50.034"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Par un arr\u00eat du 9 juillet 2025, la Cour de cassation, premi\u00e8re chambre civile, rejette le pourvoi form\u00e9 contre l\u2019arr\u00eat rendu par la cour d\u2019appel de Rennes le 2 octobre 2023. Le 12 f\u00e9vrier 2016, une personne, se disant n\u00e9e le 19 f\u00e9vrier 1998, a souscrit une d\u00e9claration de nationalit\u00e9 sur le fondement de l\u2019article 21-12 du code civil. L\u2019enregistrement ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 refus\u00e9, une action a \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9e contre le minist\u00e8re public afin d\u2019obtenir l\u2019ordonnance d\u2019enregistrement et la reconnaissance de la nationalit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Devant la juridiction d\u2019appel, l\u2019int\u00e9ress\u00e9e a produit un jugement suppl\u00e9tif de naissance du 28 f\u00e9vrier 2017, post\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la d\u00e9claration, tenant lieu d\u2019acte d\u2019\u00e9tat civil. La cour d\u2019appel a ordonn\u00e9 l\u2019enregistrement et dit la nationalit\u00e9 acquise, retenant que la minorit\u00e9 s\u2019analysait en une fin de non-recevoir susceptible de r\u00e9gularisation et que le jugement suppl\u00e9tif avait un effet d\u00e9claratif. Le pourvoi soutenait notamment que, selon l\u2019article 21-12, alin\u00e9a 3, 1\u00b0, \u00ab peut jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa majorit\u00e9, r\u00e9clamer la nationalit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise par d\u00e9claration, l\u2019enfant \u00bb r\u00e9pondant aux conditions l\u00e9gales, de sorte que la minorit\u00e9 constituerait une condition de fond, appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e au jour de la d\u00e9claration et insusceptible de r\u00e9gularisation.<\/p>\n

La question portait ainsi sur la nature proc\u00e9durale de l\u2019exigence de minorit\u00e9 et sur la valeur probatoire d\u2019un jugement suppl\u00e9tif post\u00e9rieur, au regard des r\u00e8gles de cristallisation et des textes invoqu\u00e9s. La Cour r\u00e9pond en ces termes: \u00ab Le moyen, inop\u00e9rant en ce qu\u2019il invoque l\u2019article 17-2 du code civil relatif \u00e0 l\u2019application dans le temps des lois sur la nationalit\u00e9, n\u2019est pas fond\u00e9 pour le surplus. \u00bb La solution valide l\u2019analyse de la cour d\u2019appel, tout en neutralisant l\u2019argument relatif \u00e0 l\u2019application temporelle des lois.<\/p>\n

I. La minorit\u00e9 au titre de l\u2019article 21-12: recevabilit\u00e9 et preuve<\/p>\n

A) La minorit\u00e9 qualifi\u00e9e de fin de non-recevoir
\nLe pourvoi plaidait que l\u2019\u00e9tat de minorit\u00e9, exig\u00e9 par le texte qui \u00ab peut jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa majorit\u00e9, r\u00e9clamer la nationalit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise par d\u00e9claration \u00bb, rel\u00e8ve d\u2019une condition de fond. La cour d\u2019appel a retenu l\u2019inverse en la qualifiant de fin de non-recevoir, susceptible, en application de l\u2019article 126 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, d\u2019\u00eatre couverte par une r\u00e9gularisation. Le rejet du pourvoi confirme cette qualification, qui d\u00e9place le d\u00e9bat du terrain de l\u2019existence de la condition vers celui de sa preuve.<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e est nette. L\u2019exigence de minorit\u00e9 reste appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e au jour de la souscription, mais son d\u00e9faut de justification lors de l\u2019enregistrement s\u2019analyse comme un obstacle proc\u00e9dural. La qualification en fin de non-recevoir permet d\u2019\u00e9carter l\u2019irrecevabilit\u00e9 si sa cause dispara\u00eet, notamment par la production ult\u00e9rieure d\u2019une pi\u00e8ce probante. Le raisonnement renforce la coh\u00e9rence entre le r\u00e9gime des d\u00e9clarations et la logique de l\u2019article 126.<\/p>\n

B) La r\u00e9gularisation par jugement suppl\u00e9tif et son effet d\u00e9claratif
\nLe pourvoi critiquait la recevabilit\u00e9 de \u00ab nouvelles pi\u00e8ces de nature \u00e0 \u00e9tablir son \u00e9tat de minorit\u00e9, et notamment le jugement […] du 28 f\u00e9vrier 2017 \u00bb, post\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la d\u00e9claration. Il soutenait encore que le jugement suppl\u00e9tif serait constitutif, interdisant toute r\u00e9troaction probatoire quant \u00e0 la minorit\u00e9. La cour d\u2019appel a jug\u00e9 que \u00ab les jugements suppl\u00e9tifs et reconstitutifs de l\u2019acte de naissance sont d\u00e9claratifs, et non constitutifs de droit \u00bb, faisant remonter leurs effets au jour de l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement.<\/p>\n

Le rejet consacre cette approche probatoire. Le jugement suppl\u00e9tif n\u2019alt\u00e8re pas la date de naissance; il l\u2019atteste, avec effet d\u00e9claratif, permettant d\u2019\u00e9tablir la minorit\u00e9 au jour requis. La r\u00e9gularisation intervient devant le juge, sans m\u00e9conna\u00eetre la temporalit\u00e9 d\u2019appr\u00e9ciation des conditions, car elle ne cr\u00e9e pas la condition, elle en rapporte l\u00e9galement la preuve. La solution articule ainsi s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique et effectivit\u00e9 du droit \u00e0 la nationalit\u00e9 par d\u00e9claration.<\/p>\n

II. Port\u00e9e et \u00e9quilibre normatif du rejet<\/p>\n

A) Cristallisation des situations et inop\u00e9rance de l\u2019article 17-2
\nLe pourvoi invoquait l\u2019article 17-2, selon lequel \u00ab l\u2019acquisition et la perte de la nationalit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise sont r\u00e9gies par la loi en vigueur au temps de l\u2019acte \u00bb. La Cour \u00e9carte cet axe, jugeant le moyen \u00ab inop\u00e9rant \u00bb en ce qu\u2019il se fonde sur l\u2019application temporelle des lois. Aucune modification de la loi n\u2019\u00e9tait en cause; seule la question probatoire commandait l\u2019issue du litige.<\/p>\n

L\u2019articulation avec la cristallisation demeure. Les conditions d\u2019acquisition s\u2019appr\u00e9cient \u00e0 la date de la d\u00e9claration, comme le rappelle la pratique administrative. Toutefois, la preuve peut \u00eatre produite apr\u00e8s, si elle \u00e9claire r\u00e9troactivement la situation juridique. La distinction entre existence de la condition et moment de sa preuve permet de pr\u00e9server la stabilit\u00e9 des effets, sans rigidifier exag\u00e9r\u00e9ment l\u2019acc\u00e8s au droit.<\/p>\n

B) Cons\u00e9quences pratiques pour l\u2019administration et l\u2019office du juge
\nLa solution clarifie les r\u00f4les. L\u2019autorit\u00e9 d\u2019enregistrement peut refuser si les conditions ne sont pas suffisamment justifi\u00e9es, en coh\u00e9rence avec l\u2019article 26-3 selon lequel \u00ab le ministre […] refuse d\u2019enregistrer les d\u00e9clarations qui ne satisfont pas aux conditions l\u00e9gales \u00bb. Le contr\u00f4le juridictionnel autorise ensuite la r\u00e9gularisation probatoire, lorsque des \u00e9l\u00e9ments d\u00e9terminants, tel un jugement suppl\u00e9tif, sont vers\u00e9s au d\u00e9bat.<\/p>\n

L\u2019office du juge se concentre sur la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 des conditions \u00e0 la date pertinente et non sur la chronologie de la preuve. La d\u00e9monstration du recueil pendant trois ann\u00e9es et de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation par une personne fran\u00e7aise, ou du placement \u00e0 l\u2019aide sociale \u00e0 l\u2019enfance, demeure imp\u00e9rative. L\u2019arr\u00eat soutient, avec mesure, l\u2019acc\u00e8s effectif au statut, tout en confortant l\u2019exigence d\u2019un \u00e9tat civil certain, \u00e9tabli par des titres \u00e0 valeur d\u00e9clarative.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par un arr\u00eat du 9 juillet 2025, la Cour de cassation, premi\u00e8re chambre civile, rejette le pourvoi form\u00e9 contre l\u2019arr\u00eat rendu par la cour d\u2019appel de Rennes le…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":4918,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"686e0298e0a6f0ca1546efd0","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/686e0298e0a6f0ca1546efd0","_kj_judilibre_id":"686e0298e0a6f0ca1546efd0","_kj_jur":"Cour de cassation","_kj_lieu":"","_kj_chambre":"Premi\u00e8re chambre civile","_kj_rg":"23-50.034","_kj_date":"2025-07-09","_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-685553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Rennes, le 9 juillet 2025, n\u00b023-50.034 - 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