{"id":657333,"date":"2026-04-23T09:09:23","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T07:09:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-montpellier-le-27-novembre-2025-n24-02990\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T09:09:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T07:09:23","slug":"cour-dappel-de-montpellier-le-27-novembre-2025-n24-02990","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/zh-hans\/cour-dappel-de-montpellier-le-27-novembre-2025-n24-02990\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Montpellier, le 27 novembre 2025, n\u00b024\/02990"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

La Cour d’appel de Montpellier, statuant le 27 novembre 2025, examine un d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 contre une ordonnance du conseiller de la mise en \u00e9tat. Cette ordonnance avait \u00e9cart\u00e9 une demande de caducit\u00e9 de l’appel et d\u00e9clin\u00e9 sa comp\u00e9tence sur une fin de non-recevoir. La cour se prononce sur la recevabilit\u00e9 du d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 et sur le fond de l’irrecevabilit\u00e9 de l’appel. Elle accueille le d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 et prononce l’irrecevabilit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9claration d’appel pour d\u00e9faut de personnalit\u00e9 juridique de l’intim\u00e9e d\u00e9sign\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

La recevabilit\u00e9 du d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 contre l’ordonnance du conseiller<\/p>\n

Le contr\u00f4le de la cour porte d’abord sur l’admissibilit\u00e9 du recours form\u00e9. L’article 916 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile encadre strictement les voies de recours contre les ordonnances du conseiller. Le texte pr\u00e9voit que ces ordonnances “peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9es dans les m\u00eames conditions lorsqu’elles statuent sur une exception de proc\u00e9dure, sur un incident mettant fin \u00e0 l’instance, sur une fin de non-recevoir ou sur la caducit\u00e9 de l’appel” (Motifs, point 1). La cour en d\u00e9duit logiquement la recevabilit\u00e9 du d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9. L’ordonnance attaqu\u00e9e statuait pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment sur la caducit\u00e9 de l’appel, un des cas express\u00e9ment vis\u00e9s. Cette interpr\u00e9tation litt\u00e9rale assure une s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique pour les parties. Elle permet un contr\u00f4le rapide des d\u00e9cisions incidentes importantes sans attendre l’arr\u00eat sur le fond.<\/p>\n

La distinction entre les comp\u00e9tences du conseiller et de la cour<\/p>\n

La cour pr\u00e9cise ensuite le partage des comp\u00e9tences entre le conseiller et la formation de jugement. Le conseiller ne peut conna\u00eetre des fins de non-recevoir tranch\u00e9es en premi\u00e8re instance. Il ne peut examiner non plus celles qui “ont pour cons\u00e9quence, si elles \u00e9taient accueillies, de remettre en cause ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 jug\u00e9 au fond par le premier juge” (Motifs, point 2). En l’esp\u00e8ce, la fin soulev\u00e9e visait uniquement la recevabilit\u00e9 de l’appel. Elle ne remettait pas en cause le fond du premier jugement. La cour estime donc que le conseiller \u00e9tait comp\u00e9tent pour l’examiner. Cette analyse rejoint une jurisprudence constante sur la nature de ces exceptions. Une d\u00e9cision r\u00e9cente rappelait qu’une fin de non-recevoir ne relevant pas de l’appr\u00e9ciation du fond “rel\u00e8ve de l’appr\u00e9ciation de la cour” (Cour d’appel de Montpellier, le 27 novembre 2025, n\u00b024\/05954). La cour infirme ainsi l’ordonnance sur ce point de comp\u00e9tence.<\/p>\n

L’irrecevabilit\u00e9 de l’appel pour d\u00e9faut de personnalit\u00e9 juridique<\/p>\n

Sur le fond, la cour examine la fin de non-recevoir tir\u00e9e du d\u00e9faut de capacit\u00e9. L’appel avait \u00e9t\u00e9 dirig\u00e9 contre une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 radi\u00e9e du registre du commerce. La radiation \u00e9tait intervenue avant le d\u00e9p\u00f4t de la d\u00e9claration d’appel. La cour rappelle que le d\u00e9faut de capacit\u00e9 d’ester en justice est une irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9 de fond. Cette nullit\u00e9 peut \u00eatre soulev\u00e9e \u00e0 tout moment de la proc\u00e9dure selon l’article 118 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile. La cour op\u00e8re une distinction cruciale entre erreur de d\u00e9signation et absence de personnalit\u00e9. Elle juge qu’il ne s’agit pas d’une “simple erreur dans la d\u00e9signation d’une partie” (Motifs, point 2). La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9ment d\u00e9sign\u00e9e avait perdu sa personnalit\u00e9 juridique. La d\u00e9claration \u00e9tait donc affect\u00e9e d’une nullit\u00e9 de fond insusceptible de r\u00e9gularisation. L’appel est d\u00e8s lors d\u00e9clar\u00e9 irrecevable.<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e restrictive de la solution retenue<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision consacre une interpr\u00e9tation stricte des conditions de recevabilit\u00e9 de l’appel. Elle prot\u00e8ge la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des relations juridiques en exigeant une identification exacte de la partie adverse. La solution serait diff\u00e9rente en cas de simple erreur mat\u00e9rielle sur la d\u00e9nomination sociale. La jurisprudence admet g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la r\u00e9gularisation d’une telle erreur par la suite de la proc\u00e9dure. Ici, l’absence de personnalit\u00e9 juridique au jour de l’acte est une cause absolue de nullit\u00e9. La cour \u00e9carte l’application de l’article 700 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile au nom de l’\u00e9quit\u00e9. Cette d\u00e9cision rappelle l’importance cruciale de v\u00e9rifier l’existence l\u00e9gale de son adversaire avant d’agir en justice. Elle souligne les risques proc\u00e9duraux majeurs li\u00e9s \u00e0 la m\u00e9connaissance de la situation juridique des personnes morales.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La Cour d’appel de Montpellier, statuant le 27 novembre 2025, examine un d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 contre une ordonnance du conseiller de la mise en \u00e9tat. Cette ordonnance avai…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9688,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"68dce593137fb746f70f6653","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/68dce593137fb746f70f6653","_kj_judilibre_id":"68dce593137fb746f70f6653","_kj_jur":"Cour d'appel","_kj_lieu":"Cour d'appel de Montpellier","_kj_chambre":"5e chambre civile","_kj_rg":"24\/02990","_kj_date":"2025-09-30","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-657333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Montpellier, le 27 novembre 2025, n\u00b024\/02990 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La Cour d'appel de Montpellier, statuant le 27 novembre 2025, examine un d\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 contre une ordonnance du conseiller de la mise en \u00e9tat. 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