{"id":658068,"date":"2026-04-23T10:42:35","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T08:42:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-bobigny-le-29-septembre-2025-n25-01590\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T10:42:35","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T08:42:35","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-bobigny-le-29-septembre-2025-n25-01590","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/zh-hans\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-bobigny-le-29-septembre-2025-n25-01590\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Bobigny, le 29 septembre 2025, n\u00b025\/01590"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire, a examin\u00e9 une action en paiement d’un cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 la consommation. L’\u00e9tablissement pr\u00eateur sollicitait le remboursement du solde d’un pr\u00eat consenti \u00e0 un emprunteur d\u00e9faillant. Le d\u00e9fendeur ne s’\u00e9tant pas pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 l’audience, le juge a statu\u00e9 sur le fond en application de l’article 472 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile. La d\u00e9cision a d’abord v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 la recevabilit\u00e9 de la demande au regard du d\u00e9lai de forclusion, puis a prononc\u00e9 la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du droit aux int\u00e9r\u00eats du pr\u00eateur pour multiples manquements. Elle a enfin liquid\u00e9 la cr\u00e9ance en se limitant au capital restant d\u00fb.<\/p>\n

La recevabilit\u00e9 de l’action pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e par le point de d\u00e9part du d\u00e9lai<\/p>\n

Le juge a d’office examin\u00e9 la forclusion de l’action en paiement, fin de non-recevoir d’ordre public. Il a rappel\u00e9 que “les actions en paiement engag\u00e9es devant le juge des contentieux de la protection \u00e0 l’occasion de la d\u00e9faillance de l’emprunteur doivent \u00eatre form\u00e9es dans les deux ans de l’\u00e9v\u00e9nement qui leur a donn\u00e9 naissance \u00e0 peine de forclusion” (Motifs). L’\u00e9v\u00e9nement d\u00e9clencheur est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment d\u00e9fini par le texte, incluant notamment “le premier incident de paiement non r\u00e9gularis\u00e9” (Motifs). En l’esp\u00e8ce, l’analyse des pi\u00e8ces a \u00e9tabli que l’action avait \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite avant l’expiration du d\u00e9lai de deux ans courant de ce premier incident. Cette solution confirme une application stricte du point de d\u00e9part du d\u00e9lai forclusif, align\u00e9e sur la jurisprudence. “En application des dispositions de l’article R 312-35 du code de la consommation les actions en paiement engag\u00e9es \u00e0 l’occasion de la d\u00e9faillance de l’emprunteur doivent \u00eatre form\u00e9es dans les deux ans de l’\u00e9v\u00e9nement qui leur a donn\u00e9 naissance \u00e0 peine de forclusion, \u00e9tant pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 que cet \u00e9v\u00e9nement est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par le premier incident de paiement non r\u00e9gularis\u00e9” (Cour d’appel de Douai, le 24 avril 2025, n\u00b023\/01874). Elle s\u00e9curise ainsi les actions des pr\u00eateurs tant qu’elles respectent ce d\u00e9lai imp\u00e9ratif.<\/p>\n

Une sanction radicale pour d\u00e9faut de preuve des obligations l\u00e9gales<\/p>\n

Le c\u0153ur de la d\u00e9cision r\u00e9side dans la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du droit aux int\u00e9r\u00eats prononc\u00e9e pour plusieurs manquements du pr\u00eateur. Le juge a relev\u00e9 d’office ces manquements en vertu du caract\u00e8re d’ordre public des r\u00e8gles protectrices des consommateurs. Premi\u00e8rement, le pr\u00eateur n’a pas justifi\u00e9 d’une signature \u00e9lectronique s\u00e9curis\u00e9e du contrat, emp\u00eachant toute pr\u00e9somption de fiabilit\u00e9. Deuxi\u00e8mement, il n’a pas rapport\u00e9 la preuve de la remise de la fiche d’information pr\u00e9contractuelle r\u00e9guli\u00e8re. La d\u00e9cision rappelle qu’une clause type de reconnaissance de r\u00e9ception ne constitue qu’un simple indice. Elle cite \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard la Cour de justice de l’Union europ\u00e9enne, qui a jug\u00e9 qu’une telle clause “ne compromet pas l’effectivit\u00e9 des droits reconnus par la directive 2008\/48 si, en vertu du droit national, elle implique seulement que le consommateur atteste de la remise qui lui a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite de la fiche d’information europ\u00e9enne normalis\u00e9e” (Motifs). Le pr\u00eateur doit donc corroborer cet indice par une preuve tangible, ce qui fut absent en l’esp\u00e8ce.<\/p>\n

L’effectivit\u00e9 de la sanction garantie par une interpr\u00e9tation stricte<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tendue et son effet dissuasif renforc\u00e9 par le juge. La sanction \u00e9teint non seulement les int\u00e9r\u00eats conventionnels mais aussi les primes d’assurance et toute clause p\u00e9nale. Surtout, le juge a refus\u00e9 d’appliquer les int\u00e9r\u00eats l\u00e9gaux major\u00e9s sur le capital restant d\u00fb. Se fondant sur la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union europ\u00e9enne, il a compar\u00e9 les montants per\u00e7us. Il a constat\u00e9 que le taux l\u00e9gal major\u00e9 applicable \u00e9tait sup\u00e9rieur au taux conventionnel. Appliquer ce taux major\u00e9 aurait compens\u00e9 la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance et annihil\u00e9 son effet dissuasif. “Si la sanction de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance des int\u00e9r\u00eats se trouvait affaiblie, voire purement et simplement annihil\u00e9e, en raison du fait que l’application des int\u00e9r\u00eats au taux l\u00e9gal major\u00e9 est susceptible de compenser les effets d’une telle sanction, il en d\u00e9coulerait n\u00e9cessairement que celle-ci ne pr\u00e9sente pas un caract\u00e8re v\u00e9ritablement dissuasif” (Motifs). Le juge n’a donc accord\u00e9 que les int\u00e9r\u00eats au taux l\u00e9gal simple, garantissant ainsi la pleine effectivit\u00e9 de la sanction protectrice.<\/p>\n

Un contr\u00f4le rigoureux des obligations pr\u00e9contractuelles substantielles<\/p>\n

Au-del\u00e0 des d\u00e9fauts de forme, la d\u00e9cision sanctionne le manquement \u00e0 l’obligation substantielle de v\u00e9rification de la solvabilit\u00e9. Le pr\u00eateur avait uniquement produit une fiche de dialogue remplie par l’emprunteur et un relev\u00e9 d’imposition. Le juge a estim\u00e9 que cela ne constituait pas “un nombre suffisant d’informations” au sens de la loi. Il a rappel\u00e9 que “de simples d\u00e9clarations non \u00e9tay\u00e9es faites par un consommateur ne peuvent, en elles-m\u00eames, \u00eatre qualifi\u00e9es de suffisantes si elles ne sont pas accompagn\u00e9es de pi\u00e8ces justificatives” (Motifs). Cette exigence renforce la port\u00e9e de l’obligation, qui p\u00e8se sur le pr\u00eateur et dont la preuve du respect lui incombe. Ce contr\u00f4le actif par le juge, qui peut \u00eatre relev\u00e9 d’office, vise \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir le surendettement. Il consacre une obligation de moyens diligente, imposant au pr\u00eateur de solliciter et d’analyser des justificatifs concrets avant d’engager la responsabilit\u00e9 de l’emprunteur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire, a examin\u00e9 une action en paiement d’un cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 la consommation. L’\u00e9tab…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":4728,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-658068","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire de Bobigny, le 29 septembre 2025, n\u00b025\/01590 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le juge des contentieux de la protection, statuant par jugement r\u00e9put\u00e9 contradictoire, a examin\u00e9 une action en paiement d'un cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 la consommation. 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