{"id":661254,"date":"2026-04-23T17:00:04","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T15:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-chambery-le-6-avril-2023-n21-08986\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T17:00:04","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T15:00:04","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-chambery-le-6-avril-2023-n21-08986","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/zh-hans\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-chambery-le-6-avril-2023-n21-08986\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Chamb\u00e9ry, le 6 avril 2023, n\u00b021\/08986"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"article-content\">\n<p>Le tribunal judiciaire de Chamb\u00e9ry, statuant le 6 avril 2023, examine un recours en garantie entre assureurs suite \u00e0 un accident de ski. Une enfant mineure, sous la surveillance d\u2019un moniteur de l\u2019\u00c9cole du ski fran\u00e7ais, a percut\u00e9 une skieuse. L\u2019assureur de la victime, ayant indemnis\u00e9 cette derni\u00e8re, agit contre l\u2019assureur de l\u2019\u00e9cole de ski. La question est de d\u00e9terminer la responsabilit\u00e9 applicable et la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une action r\u00e9cursoire. Le tribunal rejette la demande de garantie, retenant la responsabilit\u00e9 exclusive des parents de la mineure.<\/p>\n<p>La responsabilit\u00e9 du fait d\u2019autrui : un r\u00e9gime alternatif et exclusif<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019exclusion de la responsabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9tablissement sportif<\/p>\n<p>Le tribunal \u00e9carte la responsabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9cole de ski sur le fondement de l\u2019article 1242, alin\u00e9a 1er, du code civil. Il rappelle que les diff\u00e9rentes responsabilit\u00e9s du fait d\u2019autrui ne sont pas cumulatives mais alternatives. La pr\u00e9sence de l\u2019enfant dans le groupe encadr\u00e9 par un moniteur ne rompt pas le lien de cohabitation avec ses parents. &#8220;La cohabitation de l&#8217;enfant avec ses parents, r\u00e9sultant de sa r\u00e9sidence habituelle \u00e0 leur domicile ou au domicile de l&#8217;un d&#8217;eux, ne cesse pas lorsque le mineur est confi\u00e9 par contrat \u00e0 un organisme de vacances&#8221; (Crim., 29 octobre 2002, n\u00b0 01-82.109). La surveillance temporaire d\u2019un moniteur de ski ne constitue pas un transfert de garde juridique. Le r\u00e9gime sp\u00e9cial de responsabilit\u00e9 des parents, de plein droit et solidaire, pr\u00e9vaut ainsi et exclut tout autre fondement.<\/p>\n<p>La primaut\u00e9 de la responsabilit\u00e9 parentale de plein droit<\/p>\n<p>Le juge affirme la responsabilit\u00e9 automatique des parents exer\u00e7ant l\u2019autorit\u00e9 parentale. Il se fonde sur l\u2019article 1242, alin\u00e9a 4, du code civil et sur une interpr\u00e9tation stricte de la cohabitation. &#8220;La notion de cohabitation de l\u2019enfant mineur avec ses parents doit s\u2019interpr\u00e9ter comme la cons\u00e9quence de l&#8217;exercice conjoint de l&#8217;autorit\u00e9 parentale&#8221; (Ass. pl\u00e9n., 28 juin 2024, n\u00b0 22-84.760). Cette cohabitation l\u00e9gale ne cesse que par une d\u00e9cision administrative ou judiciaire de confiage. D\u00e8s lors, la faute \u00e9ventuelle du moniteur ou de l\u2019organisateur ne permet pas d\u2019engager leur responsabilit\u00e9 civile \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des tiers. L\u2019assureur des parents reste le seul garant des dommages caus\u00e9s par l\u2019enfant, rendant vaine l\u2019action r\u00e9cursoire contre l\u2019assureur de l\u2019\u00e9cole.<\/p>\n<p>Les implications assurantielles : l\u2019\u00e9chec du recours en garantie<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019inapplicabilit\u00e9 du droit d\u2019action directe et du cumul d\u2019assurances<\/p>\n<p>Le tribunal rejette le fondement de l\u2019action directe de l\u2019assureur victime contre l\u2019assureur de l\u2019\u00e9cole. L\u2019article L.124-3 du code des assurances octroie un droit d\u2019action directe au tiers l\u00e9s\u00e9, non \u00e0 un assureur subrog\u00e9 cherchant une contribution. Par ailleurs, l\u2019argument du cumul d\u2019assurances est \u00e9cart\u00e9. Le juge estime que &#8220;les conditions de sa mise en \u0153uvre n\u2019\u00e9tant pas remplies, puisque ces dispositions concernent le cas d\u2019une m\u00eame personne assur\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de plusieurs compagnies&#8221;. L\u2019article L.121-4 du code des assurances ne peut donc s\u2019appliquer \u00e0 des garanties souscrites par des personnes distinctes pour des responsabilit\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes. L\u2019assureur de la victime ne peut se pr\u00e9valoir d\u2019un partage de la dette entre coassureurs.<\/p>\n<p>La port\u00e9e limit\u00e9e de la garantie des associations sportives<\/p>\n<p>La d\u00e9cision pr\u00e9cise le champ d\u2019application de l\u2019obligation d\u2019assurance des clubs sportifs. L\u2019article L.321-1 du code du sport impose la souscription de garanties couvrant la responsabilit\u00e9 des pratiquants, consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des tiers entre eux. Cette disposition vise \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les victimes, licenci\u00e9es ou non, mais ne modifie pas les r\u00e8gles de fond de la responsabilit\u00e9 civile. Elle ne cr\u00e9e pas un fonds de garantie au profit des autres assureurs. Comme le rappelle une jurisprudence, l\u2019assureur d\u2019un autre v\u00e9hicule impliqu\u00e9 &#8220;ne peut exercer une action r\u00e9cursoire contre l&#8217;assureur de l&#8217;auto-\u00e9cole qu&#8217;\u00e0 condition de d\u00e9montrer l&#8217;existence d&#8217;une faute&#8221; (Tribunal judiciaire de Bourg-en-Bresse, le 12 d\u00e9cembre 2025, n\u00b024\/03047). En l\u2019absence de faute d\u00e9montr\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9cole, son assureur n\u2019a pas \u00e0 contribuer.<\/p>\n<p>Cette d\u00e9cision consacre une interpr\u00e9tation rigoureuse de la responsabilit\u00e9 parentale, la rendant exclusive en cas d\u2019exercice conjoint de l\u2019autorit\u00e9 parentale. Elle limite strictement les possibilit\u00e9s de recours entre assureurs lorsque le fait dommageable est imputable \u00e0 un mineur. La port\u00e9e est significative pour les activit\u00e9s encadr\u00e9es, o\u00f9 la surveillance \u00e9ducative ne vaut pas transfert de la garde juridique. La solution prot\u00e8ge la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique des victimes, qui peuvent agir directement contre l\u2019assureur des parents, mais complique les actions r\u00e9cursoires entre cooblig\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le tribunal judiciaire de Chamb\u00e9ry, statuant le 6 avril 2023, examine un recours en garantie entre assureurs suite \u00e0 un accident de ski. Une enfant mineure, &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9623,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-661254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tribunal judiciaire de Chamb\u00e9ry, le 6 avril 2023, n\u00b021\/08986 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le tribunal judiciaire de Chamb\u00e9ry, statuant le 6 avril 2023, examine un recours en garantie entre assureurs suite \u00e0 un accident de ski. 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