{"id":667065,"date":"2026-04-24T02:42:16","date_gmt":"2026-04-24T00:42:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-bobigny-le-12-avril-2024-n24-00995\/"},"modified":"2026-04-26T19:39:01","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T17:39:01","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-bobigny-le-12-avril-2024-n24-00995","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/zh-hans\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-bobigny-le-12-avril-2024-n24-00995\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Bobigny, le 12 avril 2024, n\u00b024\/00995"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Le tribunal judiciaire, statuant le 12 avril 2024, examine le recours personnel d’une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de cautionnement contre la d\u00e9bitrice principale. La caution<\/a> avait r\u00e9gl\u00e9 la cr\u00e9ance bancaire apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme du pr\u00eat. La juridiction rejette les d\u00e9fenses soulev\u00e9es par l’emprunteuse et condamne cette derni\u00e8re au remboursement des sommes pay\u00e9es ainsi qu’\u00e0 divers frais. La solution affirme l’ind\u00e9pendance du recours de la caution et en pr\u00e9cise les conditions d’exercice.<\/p>\n

L’ind\u00e9pendance du recours personnel de la caution<\/p>\n

Le principe d’ind\u00e9pendance du recours personnel est fermement rappel\u00e9. Le droit propre de la caution na\u00eet \u00e0 l’instant du paiement fait au cr\u00e9ancier principal. Ce recours est ind\u00e9pendant du droit du cr\u00e9ancier contre le d\u00e9biteur garanti. La jurisprudence constante en d\u00e9duit une limitation des exceptions opposables par le d\u00e9biteur. “Le d\u00e9biteur ne peut utilement opposer \u00e0 la caution exer\u00e7ant ce recours personnel les exceptions tir\u00e9es de la conclusion ou de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution du contrat de pr\u00eat qu\u2019il pourrait opposer au cr\u00e9ancier principal” (Motifs). Cette r\u00e8gle prot\u00e8ge l’efficacit\u00e9 de l’action de la caution et s\u00e9curise l’institution du cautionnement.<\/p>\n

Les exceptions issues des relations d\u00e9biteur-cr\u00e9ancier sont ainsi \u00e9cart\u00e9es. Le d\u00e9biteur ne peut invoquer les vices du contrat principal pour \u00e9chapper au recours. Cette solution est conforme \u00e0 une jurisprudence r\u00e9cente des cours d’appel. “Le d\u00e9biteur ne peut opposer \u00e0 la caution, qui exerce son recours personnel, les exceptions qu’il e\u00fbt pu opposer au cr\u00e9ancier” (Cour d’appel de Reims, le 17 mars 2026, n\u00b025\/00130). L’emprunteuse ne peut donc soulever le caract\u00e8re pr\u00e9tendument abusif de la d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme. Ce moyen, relevant des rapports avec la banque, est inop\u00e9rant contre la caution agissant en son nom propre.<\/p>\n

Les conditions restrictives de l’exception de l’article 2308 alin\u00e9a 2 ancien<\/p>\n

L’ancien article 2308 alin\u00e9a 2 constitue une exception limitative au principe d’ind\u00e9pendance. Le d\u00e9biteur peut s’opposer au recours si trois conditions cumulatives sont r\u00e9unies. La caution doit avoir pay\u00e9 sans \u00eatre poursuivie et sans avoir averti le d\u00e9biteur. Ce dernier doit d\u00e9montrer qu’il poss\u00e9dait “des moyens pour faire d\u00e9clarer la dette \u00e9teinte” (Motifs). Le juge v\u00e9rifie scrupuleusement le respect de ce triptyque, dont l’absence d’un seul \u00e9l\u00e9ment entra\u00eene l’\u00e9chec de la d\u00e9fense.<\/p>\n

La notion de poursuite est interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re souple et substantielle. Aucune forme particuli\u00e8re n’est exig\u00e9e, notamment pas une mise en demeure formelle. La r\u00e9ception d’une demande de remboursement de la banque suffit \u00e0 caract\u00e9riser la poursuite. “D\u00e8s lors que la CEGC justifie avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 destinataire d\u2019une demande de remboursement du pr\u00eat litigieux par la banque, elle d\u00e9montre avoir proc\u00e9d\u00e9 au paiement sur r\u00e9clamation” (Motifs). La condition d’avertissement est \u00e9galement retenue d\u00e8s l’envoi d’un courrier \u00e0 l’adresse de la r\u00e9sidence principale, pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment utilis\u00e9e avec succ\u00e8s.<\/p>\n

Le moyen d’extinction de la dette est entendu strictement. Seul un moyen causant l’extinction de l’obligation, et non son inexigibilit\u00e9, est pertinent. L’irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9 d’une d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme affecte l’exigibilit\u00e9, non l’existence de la dette. “Le moyen invoqu\u00e9, \u00e0 savoir le fait que la clause de d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du terme serait abusive, est impropre \u00e0 \u00e9teindre la dette” (Motifs). Cette interpr\u00e9tation restrictive renforce la position de la caution et limite les possibilit\u00e9s pour le d\u00e9biteur de bloquer le recours.<\/p>\n

La mise en \u0153uvre pratique du recours et le pouvoir d’appr\u00e9ciation du juge<\/p>\n

Le recours couvre le principal, les int\u00e9r\u00eats et les frais selon l’article 2305 ancien. Toutefois, les frais r\u00e9cup\u00e9rables sont ceux expos\u00e9s apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9nonciation des poursuites au d\u00e9biteur. Le juge conserve un pouvoir souverain pour appr\u00e9cier le bien-fond\u00e9 et le quantum de ces frais. Ce contr\u00f4le s’exerce \u00e0 l’instar de celui pr\u00e9vu par l’article 700 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile. Le tribunal peut r\u00e9duire les sommes r\u00e9clam\u00e9es si elles lui paraissent excessives ou inutiles.<\/p>\n

L’exercice de ce pouvoir mod\u00e9rateur est illustr\u00e9 par la fixation des honoraires d’avocat. La caution justifiait d’une facture globale incluant des honoraires forfaitaires. Le juge, consid\u00e9rant les diligences effectu\u00e9es, fixe le montant \u00e0 trois mille euros. “Compte tenu de la r\u00e9daction de conclusions en sus de l\u2019assignation d\u00e9livr\u00e9e par la demanderesse, il convient de fixer le montant des frais d\u2019avocat […] \u00e0 la somme de 3.000 euros TTC” (Motifs). Les d\u00e9bours tarif\u00e9s, relevant des d\u00e9pens, sont exclus du recours sur les frais pour \u00e9viter un double paiement.<\/p>\n

La demande de d\u00e9lais de paiement formul\u00e9e par le d\u00e9biteur est rejet\u00e9e. Le juge applique l’article 1343-5 du code civil en tenant compte de la situation des parties. L’emprunteuse, ayant cess\u00e9 tout paiement depuis longtemps, ne d\u00e9montre pas une capacit\u00e9 future \u00e0 s’acquitter de sa dette. Le rejet est justifi\u00e9 par l’absence de motivation et la situation financi\u00e8re incertaine du d\u00e9biteur. Ce refus garantit l’efficacit\u00e9 du recours de la caution, qui ne doit pas subir de nouveaux d\u00e9lais.<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e de la d\u00e9cision renforce la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des op\u00e9rations de cautionnement. Elle consacre une interpr\u00e9tation robuste de l’ind\u00e9pendance du recours personnel, align\u00e9e sur la jurisprudence r\u00e9cente. Les conditions de l’exception pr\u00e9vue par l’ancien article 2308 alin\u00e9a 2 sont resserr\u00e9es, prot\u00e9geant la caution ayant pay\u00e9 sous la pression du cr\u00e9ancier. Enfin, le pouvoir d’appr\u00e9ciation du juge sur les frais et les d\u00e9lais de paiement \u00e9quilibre les int\u00e9r\u00eats sans remettre en cause l’efficacit\u00e9 de l’action.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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