{"id":683470,"date":"2026-04-25T18:44:40","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T16:44:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-nice-le-13-juin-2025-n23-01244\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T18:44:40","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T16:44:40","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-de-nice-le-13-juin-2025-n23-01244","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/zh-hans\/tribunal-judiciaire-de-nice-le-13-juin-2025-n23-01244\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire de Nice, le 13 juin 2025, n\u00b023\/01244"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Par un jugement rendu par le Tribunal judiciaire de Nice, 2e chambre civile, le 13 juin 2025 (n\u00b0 RG 23\/01244 ; n\u00b0 Portalis DBWR-W-B7H-OYBD), des cr\u00e9anciers ont obtenu l\u2019inopposabilit\u00e9 d\u2019un apport immobilier r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par leur d\u00e9biteur \u00e0 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile immobili\u00e8re. Le litige na\u00eet d\u2019emprunts garantis par un cautionnement, suivis d\u2019une d\u00e9faillance et de titres judiciaires devenus d\u00e9finitifs. Post\u00e9rieurement \u00e0 ces d\u00e9cisions, le d\u00e9biteur a apport\u00e9 \u00e0 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 nouvellement constitu\u00e9e un immeuble grev\u00e9 d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ques judiciaires, cet apport repr\u00e9sentant la quasi\u2011totalit\u00e9 du capital social. Les cr\u00e9anciers ont assign\u00e9 pour voir d\u00e9clarer l\u2019acte inopposable, solliciter l\u2019autorisation de poursuivre une saisie immobili\u00e8re et demander des mesures accessoires. Les d\u00e9fendeurs ont oppos\u00e9 l\u2019incomp\u00e9tence, contest\u00e9 l\u2019existence de titres ex\u00e9cutoires, ni\u00e9 tout pr\u00e9judice et toute connaissance de fraude par le tiers. Le Tribunal a retenu l\u2019inopposabilit\u00e9, refus\u00e9 de d\u00e9livrer une autorisation de saisie, \u00e9cart\u00e9 la publication judiciaire, allou\u00e9 une somme au titre de l\u2019article 700, rejet\u00e9 des dommages et int\u00e9r\u00eats non justifi\u00e9s et exclu l\u2019ex\u00e9cution provisoire. La question pos\u00e9e portait d\u2019abord sur la r\u00e9union des conditions de l\u2019action paulienne en pr\u00e9sence d\u2019un apport en soci\u00e9t\u00e9, puis sur l\u2019office du juge saisi quant aux suites d\u2019ex\u00e9cution.<\/p>\n

I. Conditions de l\u2019action paulienne et application aux faits<\/p>\n

A. Cr\u00e9ance, ant\u00e9riorit\u00e9, pr\u00e9judice et fraude du d\u00e9biteur<\/p>\n

La juridiction rappelle le cadre l\u00e9gal en citant que \u00ab Aux termes de l’article 1341-2 du code civil, le cr\u00e9ancier peut agir en son nom personnel pour faire d\u00e9clarer inopposables \u00e0 son \u00e9gard les actes faits par son d\u00e9biteur en fraude de ses droits, \u00e0 charge d’\u00e9tablir, s’il s’agit d’un acte \u00e0 titre on\u00e9reux, que le tiers cocontractant avait connaissance de la fraude. \u00bb Cette formule place l\u2019analyse sur les quatre exigences classiques : une cr\u00e9ance certaine, l\u2019ant\u00e9riorit\u00e9 de la cr\u00e9ance par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019acte, un pr\u00e9judice caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par la diminution du gage, et la connaissance de la fraude pour l\u2019acte on\u00e9reux.<\/p>\n

Le Tribunal constate l\u2019existence et le caract\u00e8re d\u00e9finitif de d\u00e9cisions ant\u00e9rieures fixant les cr\u00e9ances. Des jugements du Tribunal de grande instance de Nice, 6 janvier 2015, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9s par la Cour d\u2019appel d\u2019Aix\u2011en\u2011Provence, 6 octobre 2022, les certificats de non\u2011pourvoi \u00e9tant rapport\u00e9s. Par ailleurs, des ordonnances du juge\u2011commissaire \u00e0 la liquidation judiciaire, 10 septembre 2007, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9es par la Cour d\u2019appel d\u2019Aix\u2011en\u2011Provence, 30 novembre 2023, s\u2019agissant de l\u2019admission des cr\u00e9ances au passif. Ce rappel conforte l\u2019ant\u00e9riorit\u00e9 de la dette et la certitude de la cr\u00e9ance, peu important que la liquidation ou les admissions soient intervenues devant le juge\u2011commissaire, le Tribunal se bornant \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier la qualit\u00e9 de cr\u00e9ancier et la date certaine des titres.<\/p>\n

Le pr\u00e9judice est appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 au prisme de la diminution du gage caus\u00e9e par l\u2019acte litigieux. L\u2019apport de l\u2019immeuble intervient en 2019, alors que des recours \u00e9taient en cours et que l\u2019immeuble \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 grev\u00e9 d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ques judiciaires. La valeur de l\u2019apport repr\u00e9sente l\u2019essentiel du capital social, accentuant la concentration du risque sur des parts sociales moins ais\u00e9ment n\u00e9gociables. Le juge souligne que l\u2019argument tenant \u00e0 l\u2019absence de pr\u00e9judice, fond\u00e9 sur la possibilit\u00e9 de saisir un bien d\u00e9tenu par une tierce soci\u00e9t\u00e9, ne convainc pas d\u00e8s lors que l\u2019op\u00e9ration modifie la consistance du gage et en complique la r\u00e9alisation. La d\u00e9monstration du pr\u00e9judice est donc rattach\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019appauvrissement fonctionnel du patrimoine du d\u00e9biteur et \u00e0 l\u2019aggravation des obstacles \u00e0 l\u2019ex\u00e9cution.<\/p>\n

B. Apport \u00e0 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et connaissance du tiers cocontractant<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision \u00e9nonce que \u00ab En outre, l’apport en soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 immobili\u00e8re constitue un acte d’appauvrissement, et ce y compris lorsque l’apporteur est g\u00e9rant et associ\u00e9 de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire dudit apport, m\u00eame lorsque le bien qui sort du patrimoine de l’apporteur est remplac\u00e9 par des droits sociaux pour une valeur \u00e9quivalente, dans la mesure o\u00f9 la valeur du gage se trouve ainsi expos\u00e9e notamment \u00e0 des difficult\u00e9s de n\u00e9gociation des parts sociales ou encore \u00e0 des cr\u00e9anciers du chef de la SCI b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire. \u00bb Ce consid\u00e9rant, particuli\u00e8rement didactique, retient l\u2019appauvrissement ind\u00e9pendamment de la valeur nominalement \u00e9quivalente des droits sociaux re\u00e7us. Il s\u2019inscrit dans une ligne jurisprudentielle constante qui dissocie substitution d\u2019actif et conservation effective du gage.<\/p>\n

S\u2019agissant de la connaissance de la fraude par le tiers, la juridiction s\u2019appuie sur les statuts de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui mentionnent les hypoth\u00e8ques et l\u2019ampleur du passif, l\u2019apport litigieux constituant l\u2019essentiel des apports. La combinaison de ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments conduit \u00e0 juger que le cocontractant ne pouvait ignorer le but de l\u2019op\u00e9ration, r\u00e9alis\u00e9e au d\u00e9triment du cr\u00e9ancier. Cette m\u00e9thode probatoire, fond\u00e9e sur des indices concordants, r\u00e9pond \u00e0 l\u2019exigence de l\u2019article 1341\u20112 pour un acte \u00e0 titre on\u00e9reux tel qu\u2019un apport en nature. Elle convainc d\u2019autant plus que la structure sociale concentrait le risque et n\u2019apportait aucun avantage \u00e9conomique autonome \u00e9tranger au contournement des garanties.<\/p>\n

Le Tribunal en d\u00e9duit la r\u00e9union des conditions de l\u2019action paulienne et d\u00e9clare l\u2019apport inopposable. Il restait alors \u00e0 pr\u00e9ciser les effets proc\u00e9duraux de ce prononc\u00e9 et l\u2019\u00e9tendue des pouvoirs du juge saisi.<\/p>\n

II. Effets de l\u2019inopposabilit\u00e9 et office du juge<\/p>\n

A. Restauration du gage et refus d\u2019autoriser les poursuites<\/p>\n

La juridiction pr\u00e9cise que \u00ab il n’appartient pas au Tribunal, saisi d’une action paulienne et statuant dans les pouvoirs reconnus \u00e0 cette juridiction, de d\u00e9livrer une autorisation de poursuivre une saisie immobili\u00e8re, d\u00e8s lors par ailleurs que l’inopposabilit\u00e9 de l’acte litigieux a \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenue. \u00bb L\u2019action paulienne a pour finalit\u00e9 la restauration du gage et non l\u2019organisation des voies d\u2019ex\u00e9cution, lesquelles rel\u00e8vent du droit commun de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution et, le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, du juge de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution. Une fois l\u2019inopposabilit\u00e9 prononc\u00e9e, le cr\u00e9ancier recouvre la facult\u00e9 de poursuivre sur l\u2019immeuble comme s\u2019il \u00e9tait demeur\u00e9 dans le patrimoine du d\u00e9biteur, sans qu\u2019une autorisation suppl\u00e9mentaire soit n\u00e9cessaire dans le cadre de cette instance.<\/p>\n

Dans cette perspective, l\u2019exception d\u2019incomp\u00e9tence devient sans objet. Le Tribunal refuse \u00e9galement de mettre \u00e0 sa charge la publicit\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re du jugement, relevant que ces diligences rel\u00e8vent des parties. Cette position distingue utilement l\u2019effet substantiel de l\u2019inopposabilit\u00e9, qui est imm\u00e9diat entre les parties, des mesures processuelles ou mat\u00e9rielles d\u2019ex\u00e9cution, qui suivent leur r\u00e9gime propre. Le rejet des dommages et int\u00e9r\u00eats, faute de justification chiffr\u00e9e ou causale, s\u2019inscrit dans la m\u00eame logique de stricte proportion entre grief invoqu\u00e9 et r\u00e9paration sollicit\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

B. Accessoires proc\u00e9duraux et exclusion de l\u2019ex\u00e9cution provisoire<\/p>\n

Le Tribunal statue sur les d\u00e9pens et l\u2019article 700 en s\u2019en tenant aux crit\u00e8res d\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9 et de situation \u00e9conomique. La condamnation du perdant aux d\u00e9pens s\u2019impose normalement, et l\u2019indemnit\u00e9 allou\u00e9e au titre de l\u2019article 700 reste mesur\u00e9e. La solution s\u2019accorde avec la nature contentieuse de l\u2019action paulienne, qui n\u2019appelle pas, par elle\u2011m\u00eame, de majoration indemnitaire en l\u2019absence de d\u00e9monstration sp\u00e9cifique d\u2019un pr\u00e9judice distinct.<\/p>\n

Surtout, la juridiction retient que \u00ab En l’esp\u00e8ce, l’ex\u00e9cution provisoire n’est pas compatible avec la nature du litige, s’agissant de l’inopposabilit\u00e9 d’un acte relatif \u00e0 un bien immobilier. En cons\u00e9quence, elle sera \u00e9cart\u00e9e. \u00bb Par application des articles 514 et 514\u20111 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, le juge \u00e9carte l\u2019ex\u00e9cution provisoire de droit en consid\u00e9ration de la nature immobili\u00e8re de l\u2019acte et des effets potentiellement irr\u00e9versibles d\u2019une ex\u00e9cution anticip\u00e9e. Cette modulation, casuistique et motiv\u00e9e, illustre l\u2019exigence de proportionnalit\u00e9 pos\u00e9e par les textes, et pr\u00e9serve l\u2019\u00e9quilibre des int\u00e9r\u00eats en cas d\u2019appel \u00e9ventuel.<\/p>\n

L\u2019ensemble dessine une solution ferme sur la protection du gage, mais mesur\u00e9e dans ses suites proc\u00e9durales. L\u2019inopposabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9tablit l\u2019assiette des poursuites, tandis que la conduite des voies d\u2019ex\u00e9cution demeure cantonn\u00e9e \u00e0 son cadre propre, \u00e0 l\u2019abri de d\u00e9cisions accessoires qui exc\u00e9deraient l\u2019office du juge de l\u2019action paulienne.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par un jugement rendu par le Tribunal judiciaire de Nice, 2e chambre civile, le 13 juin 2025 (n\u00b0 RG 23\/01244 ; n\u00b0 Portalis DBWR-W-B7H-OYBD), des cr\u00e9anciers o…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":4853,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"6851c3a35dbd1b5d65c0a19e","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6851c3a35dbd1b5d65c0a19e","_kj_judilibre_id":"6851c3a35dbd1b5d65c0a19e","_kj_jur":"Tribunal judiciaire","_kj_lieu":"Nice","_kj_chambre":"2\u00e8me Chambre civile","_kj_rg":"23\/01244","_kj_date":"2025-06-13","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-683470","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire de Nice, le 13 juin 2025, n\u00b023\/01244 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Par un jugement rendu par le Tribunal judiciaire de Nice, 2e chambre civile, le 13 juin 2025 (n\u00b0 RG 23\/01244 ; 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