{"id":684828,"date":"2026-04-25T20:03:40","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T18:03:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-le-20-juin-2025-n25-00765\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T20:03:40","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T18:03:40","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-le-20-juin-2025-n25-00765","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/zh-hans\/tribunal-judiciaire-le-20-juin-2025-n25-00765\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire, le 20 juin 2025, n\u00b025\/00765"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Tribunal judiciaire de Bobigny, ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 20 juin 2025. Un bailleur commercial a consenti un bail d\u00e9rogatoire de deux ans, expir\u00e9 le 31 ao\u00fbt 2024. Un commandement de payer visant la clause r\u00e9solutoire a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9livr\u00e9 le 20 novembre 2024 pour des arri\u00e9r\u00e9s all\u00e9gu\u00e9s. Faute de r\u00e9gularisation dans le mois, le bailleur a assign\u00e9 en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 pour faire constater la r\u00e9siliation, obtenir l\u2019expulsion, une provision et une indemnit\u00e9 d\u2019occupation. Le d\u00e9fendeur n\u2019a pas comparu. La question portait sur la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 du commandement et, partant, sur l\u2019acquisition de la clause r\u00e9solutoire et l\u2019octroi d\u2019une provision. Le juge retient le caract\u00e8re incomplet de l\u2019acte, en d\u00e9duit une contestation s\u00e9rieuse, rejette la clause r\u00e9solutoire et ses suites, puis refuse la provision faute de preuve d\u00e9taill\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

I \u2013 Les conditions de validit\u00e9 du commandement visant la clause r\u00e9solutoire<\/p>\n

A \u2013 L\u2019assujettissement au statut des baux commerciaux apr\u00e8s le bail d\u00e9rogatoire
\nLe juge pr\u00e9cise d\u2019abord le cadre applicable. Il rel\u00e8ve que la demanderesse s\u2019est fond\u00e9e \u00e0 bon droit sur l\u2019article L. 145-41 du code de commerce, \u00ab d\u00e8s lors qu\u2019au terme du bail d\u00e9rogatoire le 31 ao\u00fbt 2024, les relations entre les parties se sont trouv\u00e9es r\u00e9gies par ces dispositions de droit commun du statut des baux commerciaux \u00bb. La solution op\u00e8re un basculement net vers le r\u00e9gime statutaire, ind\u00e9pendamment de toute reconduction formelle, par l\u2019effet de l\u2019expiration du bail d\u00e9rogatoire. L\u2019exigence protectrice du statut s\u2019applique donc \u00e0 la clause r\u00e9solutoire, dont l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 reste conditionn\u00e9e par un commandement satisfaisant aux formes substantielles.<\/p>\n

Le rappel du texte est explicite et oriente l\u2019office du juge. \u00ab Cet article L. 145-41 dispose que toute clause ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans le bail pr\u00e9voyant la r\u00e9siliation de plein droit ne produit effet qu’un mois apr\u00e8s un commandement demeur\u00e9 infructueux. Le commandement doit, \u00e0 peine de nullit\u00e9, mentionner ce d\u00e9lai \u00bb. La d\u00e9cision souligne ainsi que la r\u00e9siliation de plein droit ne se pr\u00e9sume pas et ne d\u00e9coule pas d\u2019une simple stipulation, mais suppose un acte pr\u00e9alable r\u00e9gulier, parfaitement intelligible pour le locataire, et donc contr\u00f4lable par le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

B \u2013 L\u2019exigence de pr\u00e9cision du commandement et la caract\u00e9risation d\u2019une contestation s\u00e9rieuse
\nLe c\u0153ur du raisonnement tient au contenu informatif du commandement. Le juge affirme que \u00ab la mise en demeure visant la clause r\u00e9solutoire du contrat a pour objet d’alerter le locataire sur la situation d’impay\u00e9, et de lui permettre une r\u00e9gularisation dans le d\u00e9lai d’un mois, de sorte qu\u2019elle doit comporter des pr\u00e9cisions suffisantes sur la somme r\u00e9clam\u00e9e le mettant en mesure de v\u00e9rifier son bien-fond\u00e9 et le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant la prise en compte de ses paiements \u00bb. Cette exigence d\u00e9passe la seule mention du d\u00e9lai l\u00e9gal. Elle impose un d\u00e9compte intelligible, permettant un contr\u00f4le mat\u00e9riel des sommes, condition de l\u2019effectivit\u00e9 du droit de r\u00e9gulariser.<\/p>\n

Or l\u2019acte produit \u00ab ne comport[ait] pas de d\u00e9compte ni aucun d\u00e9tail sur la somme r\u00e9clam\u00e9e \u00bb. Le juge en tire une cons\u00e9quence processuelle d\u00e9cisive: \u00ab Il r\u00e9sulte de cette circonstance une contestation s\u00e9rieuse tenant \u00e0 la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 du commandement de payer du fait de son caract\u00e8re incomplet \u00bb. Le r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 se heurte alors \u00e0 la limite de sa comp\u00e9tence. La d\u00e9cision conclut logiquement: \u00ab Par cons\u00e9quent, il n\u2019y a pas lieu \u00e0 r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 sur la demande de constatation de la r\u00e9siliation du contrat et de toutes celles qui en sont la cons\u00e9quence \u00bb. L\u2019incompl\u00e9tude du commandement affecte la mise en \u0153uvre de la clause r\u00e9solutoire, en neutralisant l\u2019automaticit\u00e9 recherch\u00e9e par le bailleur.<\/p>\n

II \u2013 L\u2019office du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s et la preuve de la cr\u00e9ance<\/p>\n

A \u2013 Le cadre normatif: contr\u00f4le de recevabilit\u00e9 et non\u2011contestabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019obligation
\nL\u2019absence de comparution ne dessaisit pas le juge de son contr\u00f4le. L\u2019ordonnance rappelle que \u00ab En application de l\u2019article 472 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, lorsque le d\u00e9fendeur ne comparait pas, le juge ne fait droit \u00e0 la demande que dans la mesure o\u00f9 il l’estime r\u00e9guli\u00e8re, recevable et bien fond\u00e9e \u00bb. La vigilance juridictionnelle subsiste donc, sp\u00e9cialement lorsque la cr\u00e9ance all\u00e9gu\u00e9e manque de justification d\u00e9taill\u00e9e. Le texte de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 compl\u00e8te ce cadre: \u00ab Les dispositions de l\u2019article 835 alin\u00e9a 2 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile pr\u00e9voient que, dans les cas o\u00f9 l\u2019existence de l\u2019obligation n\u2019est pas s\u00e9rieusement contestable, le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s peut accorder une provision au cr\u00e9ancier \u00bb. L\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la provision suppose une dette certaine, non s\u00e9rieusement discutable au vu des pi\u00e8ces.<\/p>\n

La charge probatoire vient parachever l\u2019analyse. En application de l\u2019article 1353 du code civil, \u00ab Celui qui r\u00e9clame l’ex\u00e9cution d’une obligation doit la prouver. R\u00e9ciproquement, celui qui se pr\u00e9tend lib\u00e9r\u00e9 doit justifier le paiement ou le fait qui a produit l’extinction de son obligation \u00bb. Faute de d\u00e9compte, la preuve utile fait d\u00e9faut, de sorte que l\u2019all\u00e9gation de dette demeure incertaine. Le juge refuse alors la provision, l\u2019examen sommaire ne permettant pas d\u2019\u00e9carter une contestation s\u00e9rieuse sur le quantum et la conformit\u00e9 des sommes aux stipulations contractuelles.<\/p>\n

B \u2013 Appr\u00e9ciation et port\u00e9e pratique de la solution retenue
\nLa solution se signale par une coh\u00e9rence m\u00e9thodologique. En r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9, la sanction d\u2019un commandement lacunaire par la qualification de contestation s\u00e9rieuse pr\u00e9serve le droit du locataire \u00e0 une information suffisante et rend op\u00e9rante la facult\u00e9 de r\u00e9gularisation. Elle renforce, sans exc\u00e8s, l\u2019exigence de transparence documentaire, condition de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de la clause r\u00e9solutoire dans le cadre statutaire. L\u2019office du juge demeure ainsi fid\u00e8le au couple non\u2011contestabilit\u00e9\/provisionnement, en liant \u00e9troitement l\u2019octroi d\u2019une provision \u00e0 la qualit\u00e9 probatoire des pi\u00e8ces.<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e pratique est imm\u00e9diate. Les bailleurs doivent annexer un d\u00e9compte pr\u00e9cis et v\u00e9rifiable au commandement visant l\u2019article L. 145-41, afin de s\u00e9curiser l\u2019acquisition de la clause et l\u2019acc\u00e8s au r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9\u2011provision. \u00c0 d\u00e9faut, le contentieux bascule vers le fond, avec un allongement des d\u00e9lais et l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 d\u2019obtenir des mesures rapides d\u2019expulsion ou de paiement. La d\u00e9cision diffuse enfin un signal proc\u00e9dural clair: la rigueur formelle du commandement, loin d\u2019\u00eatre un ritualisme, conditionne l\u2019effectivit\u00e9 des sanctions contractuelles et l\u2019\u00e9conomie du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 commercial.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tribunal judiciaire de Bobigny, ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 20 juin 2025. Un bailleur commercial a consenti un bail d\u00e9rogatoire de deux ans, expir\u00e9 le 31 ao\u00fbt 20…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9627,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"6855a1ecaee47295cf5efeea","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/6855a1ecaee47295cf5efeea","_kj_judilibre_id":"6855a1ecaee47295cf5efeea","_kj_jur":"Tribunal judiciaire","_kj_lieu":"Bobigny","_kj_chambre":"Chambre 1\/Section 5","_kj_rg":"25\/00765","_kj_date":"2025-06-20","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-684828","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nTribunal judiciaire, le 20 juin 2025, n\u00b025\/00765 - Ma\u00eetre Hassan Kohen, avocat en droit p\u00e9nal \u00e0 Paris<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tribunal judiciaire de Bobigny, ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 20 juin 2025. 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