{"id":685404,"date":"2026-04-25T20:36:54","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T18:36:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/tribunal-judiciaire-le-16-juin-2025-n24-01666\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T20:36:54","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T18:36:54","slug":"tribunal-judiciaire-le-16-juin-2025-n24-01666","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/zh-hans\/tribunal-judiciaire-le-16-juin-2025-n24-01666\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunal judiciaire, le 16 juin 2025, n\u00b024\/01666"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Tribunal judiciaire de Cr\u00e9teil, ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 du 16 juin 2025. \u00c0 la suite de l\u2019acquisition d\u2019un v\u00e9hicule d\u2019occasion le 18 avril 2023, l\u2019acqu\u00e9reur a signal\u00e9 des d\u00e9sordres m\u00e9caniques pr\u00e9coces. Le 27 novembre 2024, il a saisi le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s pour obtenir une expertise judiciaire pr\u00e9alable. L\u2019audience s\u2019est tenue le 19 mai 2025 et la d\u00e9cision a \u00e9t\u00e9 mise \u00e0 disposition le 16 juin 2025.<\/p>\n

La demanderesse sollicitait la d\u00e9signation d\u2019un expert judiciaire et la r\u00e9serve des d\u00e9pens, en se pr\u00e9valant d\u2019un rapport amiable. La d\u00e9fenderesse formulait des protestations sur l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 et l\u2019\u00e9tendue de la mesure. La question pos\u00e9e \u00e9tait celle des conditions d\u2019application de l\u2019article 145 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, au regard d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments techniques pr\u00e9constitu\u00e9s. L\u2019ordonnance a ordonn\u00e9 l\u2019expertise, fix\u00e9 une consignation de 1 500 euros, laiss\u00e9 les d\u00e9pens \u00e0 la charge de la demanderesse et refus\u00e9 l\u2019application de l\u2019article 700.<\/p>\n

I. L\u2019encadrement de la preuve in futurum par l\u2019article 145<\/p>\n

A. L\u2019autonomie du r\u00e9gime et l\u2019office du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s<\/p>\n

Le juge rappelle d\u2019abord le cadre l\u00e9gal, en citant le texte utile. Selon la formule, \u00ab Aux termes de l’article 145 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile, s’il existe un motif l\u00e9gitime de conserver ou d’\u00e9tablir avant tout proc\u00e8s la preuve de faits dont pourrait d\u00e9pendre la solution d’un litige, les mesures d’instruction l\u00e9galement admissibles peuvent \u00eatre ordonn\u00e9es \u00e0 la demande de tout int\u00e9ress\u00e9, sur requ\u00eate ou en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00bb. La juridiction souligne ensuite la nature sp\u00e9cifique du m\u00e9canisme: \u00ab Il est acquis que l’article 145 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile est un texte autonome auquel les conditions habituelles du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 ne sont pas applicables. Il n’est ainsi pas soumis \u00e0 la condition d’urgence ou \u00e0 la condition d’absence de contestation s\u00e9rieuse \u00bb. Cette pr\u00e9cision dissipe deux \u00e9cueils fr\u00e9quents, l\u2019exigence d\u2019urgence et le filtrage par la contestation s\u00e9rieuse, \u00e9trangers \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9conomie du texte.<\/p>\n

L\u2019office du juge se borne \u00e0 v\u00e9rifier la r\u00e9union des conditions l\u00e9gales, sans pr\u00e9juger du fond. L\u2019ordonnance le marque nettement: \u00ab Enfin, l’application de cet article n’implique aucun pr\u00e9jug\u00e9 sur la responsabilit\u00e9 des parties appel\u00e9es \u00e0 la proc\u00e9dure, ni sur les chances de succ\u00e8s du proc\u00e8s susceptible d’\u00eatre ult\u00e9rieurement engag\u00e9 \u00bb. La mesure sert donc la conservation ou l\u2019\u00e9tablissement d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments probatoires, non la d\u00e9cision du litige. Cette approche conforme l\u2019ordonnance \u00e0 la finalit\u00e9 probatoire du dispositif, en circonscrivant rigoureusement l\u2019intervention du juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

B. Le motif l\u00e9gitime, l\u2019utilit\u00e9 et le lien avec le litige potentiel<\/p>\n

Le c\u0153ur du contr\u00f4le r\u00e9side dans l\u2019exigence d\u2019un motif l\u00e9gitime, d\u00e9fini avec pr\u00e9cision par la juridiction. Elle \u00e9nonce que \u00ab Ce texte suppose l’existence d’un motif l\u00e9gitime c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire un fait cr\u00e9dible et plausible, ne relevant pas de la simple hypoth\u00e8se qui pr\u00e9sente un lien utile avec un litige potentiel futur dont l’objet et le fondement juridique sont suffisamment d\u00e9termin\u00e9s et dont la solution peut d\u00e9pendre de la mesure d’instruction sollicit\u00e9e \u00e0 condition que cette mesure ne porte pas une atteinte ill\u00e9gitime aux droits d’autrui. Elle doit \u00eatre pertinente et utile \u00bb. Cette grille articule cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9, plausibilit\u00e9, lien utile et utilit\u00e9 probatoire, tout en m\u00e9nageant la proportionnalit\u00e9 de la mesure.<\/p>\n

La charge pesant sur le demandeur est ajust\u00e9e \u00e0 la nature in futurum de la mesure. Le juge le rappelle avec p\u00e9dagogie: \u00ab Ainsi, si le demandeur \u00e0 la mesure d’instruction n’a pas \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer l’existence des faits qu’il invoque puisque cette mesure in futurum est justement destin\u00e9e \u00e0 les \u00e9tablir, il doit n\u00e9anmoins justifier d’\u00e9l\u00e9ments rendant cr\u00e9dibles ses suppositions et justifier que le litige potentiel n’est pas manifestement vou\u00e9 \u00e0 l’\u00e9chec et que la mesure est de nature \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la situation probatoire du demandeur \u00bb. Deux bornes n\u00e9gatives sont enfin pos\u00e9es: \u00ab La facult\u00e9 pr\u00e9vue \u00e0 l’article 145 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile ne saurait, en outre, \u00eatre exerc\u00e9e \u00e0 l’encontre d’un d\u00e9fendeur qui, manifestement, et en dehors m\u00eame de toute discussion au fond, ne serait pas susceptible d’\u00eatre mis en cause dans une action principale \u00bb; \u00ab De plus, si la partie demanderesse dispose d’ores et d\u00e9j\u00e0 de moyens de preuves suffisants pour conserver ou \u00e9tablir la preuve des faits litigieux, la mesure d’instruction demand\u00e9e est d\u00e9pourvue de toute utilit\u00e9 et doit \u00eatre rejet\u00e9e \u00bb. Le dispositif \u00e9vite ainsi les expertises redondantes ou abusives, tout en prot\u00e9geant les personnes non concern\u00e9es par une action principale envisageable.<\/p>\n

Appliquant ces crit\u00e8res, la juridiction retient la plausibilit\u00e9 des d\u00e9sordres au vu d\u2019un rapport amiable circonstanci\u00e9. Elle pr\u00e9cise, de mani\u00e8re conforme \u00e0 la logique du contradictoire diff\u00e9r\u00e9, qu\u2019\u00ab Il importe peu \u00e0 ce stade que ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments n\u2019aient pas \u00e9t\u00e9 contradictoirement d\u00e9battus, la mesure d’instruction sollicit\u00e9e ayant pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment pour objet de rendre les constatations de l’expert contradictoires \u00bb. Le fond du litige reste r\u00e9serv\u00e9, comme le confirme la motivation: \u00ab Au regard de ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments, et alors que le d\u00e9bat sur la teneur et l\u2019imputabilit\u00e9 des d\u00e9sordres rel\u00e8ve du juge du fond \u00bb. La conclusion s\u2019impose d\u00e8s lors: \u00ab Du tout, il r\u00e9sulte que les conditions d\u2019application des dispositions de l\u2019article 145 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile sont r\u00e9unies \u00bb. Le cadre l\u00e9gal est respect\u00e9, l\u2019utilit\u00e9 probatoire est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e et la mesure ordonn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

II. Valeur et port\u00e9e de l\u2019ordonnance dans le contentieux des ventes d\u2019occasion<\/p>\n

A. Conformit\u00e9 aux orientations jurisprudentielles et s\u00e9curisation probatoire<\/p>\n

La solution s\u2019inscrit dans une ligne jurisprudentielle stable faisant de l\u2019article 145 un instrument probatoire autonome, distinct des conditions classiques du r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. En rappelant que le texte n\u2019exige ni urgence ni absence de contestation s\u00e9rieuse, la juridiction garantit un acc\u00e8s effectif \u00e0 la preuve, lorsque le litige est suffisamment circonscrit. La formulation initiale, cit\u00e9e supra, assure la pr\u00e9visibilit\u00e9 des crit\u00e8res; leur reprise ordonn\u00e9e s\u00e9curise la pratique.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9cision renforce aussi le bon usage des rapports amiables. Loin de conf\u00e9rer \u00e0 ces documents une autorit\u00e9 hors de proportion, le juge les entend comme \u00e9l\u00e9ments rendant cr\u00e9dibles les suppositions, et uniquement \u00e0 ce titre. La citation pr\u00e9cit\u00e9e, distinguant cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 et preuve d\u00e9cisive, mat\u00e9rialise cet \u00e9quilibre. Le refus de pr\u00e9juger du fond, rappel\u00e9 par la formule \u00ab Enfin, l’application de cet article n’implique aucun pr\u00e9jug\u00e9\u2026 \u00bb, parach\u00e8ve la coh\u00e9rence de l\u2019ordonnance. \u00c0 la marge, la mention que \u00ab Les protestations et r\u00e9serves ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mentionn\u00e9es […] est inutile \u00bb conforte l\u2019\u00e9conomie de la d\u00e9cision: la contestation demeure act\u00e9e sans alourdir le dispositif par un donner\u2011acte d\u00e9pourvu d\u2019effet utile.<\/p>\n

B. Cons\u00e9quences pratiques: mission d\u2019expertise, d\u00e9pens et r\u00e9gimes temporels<\/p>\n

La mission confi\u00e9e est large mais finalis\u00e9e, puisqu\u2019elle porte sur l\u2019identification, les causes, les cons\u00e9quences, l\u2019\u00e9valuation des r\u00e9parations et les pr\u00e9judices all\u00e9gu\u00e9s. Elle vise aussi la valeur v\u00e9nale et l\u2019\u00e9ventuelle r\u00e9parabilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, ce qui \u00e9claire d\u2019\u00e9ventuels fondements d\u2019action vari\u00e9s, sans anticiper sur leur bien\u2011fond\u00e9. Cette amplitude demeure gouvern\u00e9e par l\u2019utilit\u00e9 probatoire et par le contradictoire organis\u00e9. La consignation de 1 500 euros s\u2019inscrit dans une gestion prudente des op\u00e9rations, proportionn\u00e9e \u00e0 la technicit\u00e9 du dossier et aux investigations envisag\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Sur les demandes accessoires, la juridiction rappelle sa comp\u00e9tence propre et tire les cons\u00e9quences du bien\u2011fond\u00e9 de la mesure. La motivation est explicite: \u00ab L\u2019article 491, alin\u00e9a 2 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile pr\u00e9cise que la juridiction des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s statue sur les d\u00e9pens \u00bb. D\u00e8s lors, \u00ab Il n\u2019y a donc pas lieu de r\u00e9server les d\u00e9pens \u00bb. Le choix de laisser provisoirement les d\u00e9pens \u00e0 la charge de la demanderesse, \u00e0 l\u2019initiative de la mesure, r\u00e9pond \u00e0 une logique d\u2019efficacit\u00e9, tout en m\u00e9nageant la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un r\u00e9ajustement devant le juge du fond. Il est encore not\u00e9 qu\u2019\u00ab Enfin, l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9 ne commande pas, \u00e0 ce stade, de faire application des dispositions de l\u2019article 700 du code de proc\u00e9dure civile \u00bb. Cette retenue, classique en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 145, pr\u00e9serve la neutralit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re d\u2019une instance probatoire.<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e temporelle de la mesure est clairement articul\u00e9e avec le droit de la prescription. L\u2019ordonnance rappelle que \u00ab La prescription est \u00e9galement suspendue lorsque le juge fait droit \u00e0 une demande de mesure d’instruction pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e avant tout proc\u00e8s. Le d\u00e9lai de prescription recommence \u00e0 courir, pour une dur\u00e9e qui ne peut \u00eatre inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 six mois, \u00e0 compter du jour o\u00f9 la mesure a \u00e9t\u00e9 ex\u00e9cut\u00e9e \u00bb. Ce rappel utile, conforme \u00e0 l\u2019article 2239 du code civil, s\u00e9curise la chronologie contentieuse et favorise, le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, la recherche d\u2019un accord \u00e9clair\u00e9 par l\u2019expertise. Il \u00e9vite \u00e9galement que la partie sollicitant la preuve ne soit p\u00e9nalis\u00e9e par le temps d\u2019ex\u00e9cution des op\u00e9rations ordonn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

L\u2019ordonnance commente enfin la discipline des op\u00e9rations en pr\u00e9cisant la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019un calendrier, d\u2019une enveloppe financi\u00e8re et d\u2019un document de synth\u00e8se. Cette m\u00e9thodologie, d\u00e9sormais attendue, garantit l\u2019effectivit\u00e9 du contradictoire technique et la ma\u00eetrise des co\u00fbts. Elle consolide la fonction instrumentale de l\u2019expertise, au service d\u2019un litige suffisamment d\u00e9termin\u00e9 mais encore ind\u00e9cis, lequel sera tranch\u00e9, en son temps, par le juge du fond.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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