{"id":686321,"date":"2026-04-25T21:29:30","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T19:29:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/cour-dappel-de-montpellier-le-3-juillet-2025-n24-05587\/"},"modified":"2026-04-25T21:29:30","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T19:29:30","slug":"cour-dappel-de-montpellier-le-3-juillet-2025-n24-05587","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/zh-hans\/cour-dappel-de-montpellier-le-3-juillet-2025-n24-05587\/","title":{"rendered":"Cour d’appel de Montpellier, le 3 juillet 2025, n\u00b024\/05587"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Par un arr\u00eat du 3 juillet 2025, la cour d’appel de Montpellier tranche un litige relatif \u00e0 la clause r\u00e9solutoire et aux d\u00e9lais r\u00e9troactifs d’un bail commercial.<\/p>\n

Un bail d\u00e9rogatoire de 2012, devenu bail commercial, a connu des impay\u00e9s conduisant le bailleur \u00e0 d\u00e9livrer un commandement le 13 juillet 2023.<\/p>\n

Le solde exig\u00e9 s’\u00e9levait \u00e0 7 800 euros, non apur\u00e9 dans le mois, malgr\u00e9 des versements ant\u00e9rieurs et deux courriers ult\u00e9rieurs annon\u00e7ant \u00e0 tort un solde nul.<\/p>\n

Assign\u00e9 en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9, le preneur a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9 occupant sans droit ni titre par ordonnance du 17 octobre 2024, puis a form\u00e9 appel.<\/p>\n

Un arr\u00eat du 13 mars 2025 a, par ailleurs, r\u00e9gl\u00e9 la liquidation et la modulation d’une astreinte ant\u00e9rieure, sans incidence sur la pr\u00e9sente r\u00e9siliation.<\/p>\n

Devant la cour, le preneur sollicite des d\u00e9lais de paiement r\u00e9troactifs depuis le commandement, tandis que le bailleur sollicite confirmation int\u00e9grale et indemnit\u00e9 au titre de l’article 700.<\/p>\n

La question porte sur la validit\u00e9 du commandement au regard d’\u00e9ventuelles contestations s\u00e9rieuses et sur la possibilit\u00e9 d’accorder des d\u00e9lais r\u00e9troactifs apr\u00e8s apurement tardif.<\/p>\n

La cour confirme la clause r\u00e9solutoire au 13 ao\u00fbt 2023 et refuse les d\u00e9lais r\u00e9troactifs, relevant un retard fautif caract\u00e9ris\u00e9, ainsi qu’un trouble manifestement illicite justifiant l’expulsion.<\/p>\n

L’analyse \u00e9claire d’abord la constatation en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 de la clause r\u00e9solutoire, puis l’appr\u00e9ciation des d\u00e9lais r\u00e9troactifs \u00e0 l’aune de la bonne foi.<\/p>\n

I. La constatation en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 de la clause r\u00e9solutoire<\/p>\n

A. Le contr\u00f4le du commandement et l’absence de contestation s\u00e9rieuse<\/p>\n

Le contr\u00f4le s’ouvre par le rappel du standard applicable au commandement de payer: “Le commandement de payer doit permettre au locataire de conna\u00eetre pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les loyers et charges impay\u00e9s afin de lui donner la possibilit\u00e9 d’en v\u00e9rifier la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 et la conformit\u00e9, ainsi que, le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, d’en former contestation.” L’exigence de lisibilit\u00e9 de la dette conditionne l’effectivit\u00e9 de la clause r\u00e9solutoire.<\/p>\n

La cour encadre ensuite le filtrage des griefs en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9: “Les contestations \u00e9lev\u00e9es par le preneur sur la validit\u00e9 du commandement peuvent faire \u00e9chec en r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 la constatation de l’acquisition de la clause r\u00e9solutoire si elles rev\u00eatent un caract\u00e8re s\u00e9rieux.” En l’esp\u00e8ce, les pi\u00e8ces comptables vers\u00e9es \u00e9tablissaient une dette persistante, ant\u00e9rieure et pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment chiffr\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Les courriers annon\u00e7ant un solde nul \u00e9taient post\u00e9rieurs au d\u00e9lai d’un mois et ne cr\u00e9aient pas d’incertitude initiale sur le commandement. En cons\u00e9quence, la formation retient que “les conditions d’acquisition de la clause r\u00e9solutoire, figurant au bail, \u00e9taient, ainsi, r\u00e9unies \u00e0 la date du 13 ao\u00fbt 2023”.<\/p>\n

B. La connaissance du preneur et l\u2019inefficacit\u00e9 des lettres contradictoires<\/p>\n

La motivation insiste sur les paiements suppl\u00e9mentaires entrepris avant et apr\u00e8s le commandement, r\u00e9v\u00e9lateurs d\u2019une connaissance pr\u00e9cise de la dette. La cour souligne: “Ainsi, elle connaissait parfaitement le montant de la dette locative et ne pouvait raisonnablement croire qu’elle \u00e9tait sold\u00e9e \u00e0 l’issue du d\u00e9lai d’un mois accord\u00e9 par le commandement le 13 ao\u00fbt 2023.”<\/p>\n

Les deux lettres post\u00e9rieures, internes au gestionnaire, ne suffisaient pas \u00e0 alt\u00e9rer cette connaissance. La d\u00e9cision poursuit, de mani\u00e8re nette: “Il en r\u00e9sulte qu’elle n’a pu \u00eatre induite en erreur par ces deux lettres et \u00eatre convaincue que la dette \u00e9tait \u00e9teinte.”<\/p>\n

La qualification d\u2019occupation sans droit ni titre s\u2019ensuit, caract\u00e9risant un trouble que le juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s doit faire cesser: “Cette occupation caract\u00e9rise un trouble manifestement illicite qu’il appartient au juge des r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s de faire cesser sur le fondement de l’article 835 alin\u00e9a 1er du code de proc\u00e9dure civile.” La coh\u00e9rence de l\u2019office du juge d\u2019\u00e9vidence est ainsi pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

II. Le refus des d\u00e9lais r\u00e9troactifs et le contr\u00f4le de la bonne foi<\/p>\n

A. Le principe d\u2019octroi r\u00e9troactif encadr\u00e9 par les textes<\/p>\n

La cour rappelle d\u2019abord la facult\u00e9 d\u2019accorder r\u00e9troactivement des d\u00e9lais lorsque la dette est apur\u00e9e, dans le sillage des articles L. 145-41 et 1343-5: “D\u00e8s lors que les paiements intervenus ont permis d’apurer la totalit\u00e9 de la dette locative, le juge peut accorder r\u00e9troactivement un d\u00e9lai de paiement et constater que la clause r\u00e9solutoire n’a pas jou\u00e9.” Le principe existe, mais suppose une appr\u00e9ciation factuelle serr\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Son maniement est finalis\u00e9 par une mise en balance des besoins du cr\u00e9ancier et de la situation du d\u00e9biteur. La r\u00e9troactivit\u00e9 n\u2019efface le commandement que si la diligence du d\u00e9biteur, appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e dans son contexte, t\u00e9moigne d\u2019une ex\u00e9cution suffisamment prompte et loyale.<\/p>\n

B. La r\u00e9sistance caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e comme obstacle aux d\u00e9lais r\u00e9troactifs<\/p>\n

La cour rel\u00e8ve un solde, certes modeste, mais durablement impay\u00e9 apr\u00e8s plusieurs mises en demeure, sold\u00e9 seulement apr\u00e8s l\u2019ordonnance de r\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9. Elle qualifie ce comportement de la mani\u00e8re suivante: “Ce retard dans le paiement caract\u00e9rise une r\u00e9sistance manifeste du preneur au respect de ses obligations contractuelles de paiement et fait obstacle \u00e0 toute bonne foi.”<\/p>\n

Sur cette base, l\u2019apurement tardif ne peut purger r\u00e9troactivement la clause: “Ainsi, le paiement intervenu le 8 novembre 2024 ne peut justifier l’octroi de d\u00e9lais de paiement jusqu’\u00e0 cette date pour permettre la suspension de la clause r\u00e9solutoire et la poursuite du bail.” Le crit\u00e8re retenu conjugue l\u2019ampleur du retard et l\u2019attitude proc\u00e9durale du d\u00e9biteur.<\/p>\n

La solution s\u2019ach\u00e8ve par un refus explicite des d\u00e9lais: “D\u00e8s lors, il n’y a pas lieu d’accorder des d\u00e9lais de paiement r\u00e9troactifs.” La port\u00e9e est claire: des erreurs de gestion post\u00e9rieures, m\u00eame regrettables, ne forment ni contestation s\u00e9rieuse ni vecteur de bonne foi lorsque la dette est connue et persiste sans justification.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par un arr\u00eat du 3 juillet 2025, la cour d’appel de Montpellier tranche un litige relatif \u00e0 la clause r\u00e9solutoire et aux d\u00e9lais r\u00e9troactifs d’un bail commercial.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":4761,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"judilibre","_kj_official_id":"686767067c03803a32c27281","_kj_official_url":"https:\/\/www.courdecassation.fr\/decision\/686767067c03803a32c27281","_kj_judilibre_id":"686767067c03803a32c27281","_kj_jur":"Cour d'appel","_kj_lieu":"Montpellier","_kj_chambre":"2e chambre civile","_kj_rg":"24\/05587","_kj_date":"2025-07-03","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7597],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-686321","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"\nCour d'appel de Montpellier, le 3 juillet 2025, n\u00b024\/05587 - 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