{"id":719931,"date":"2026-04-28T04:35:47","date_gmt":"2026-04-28T02:35:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/ordonnance-t-395-19-du-2020-07-03\/"},"modified":"2026-04-28T04:35:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-28T02:35:47","slug":"ordonnance-t-395-19-du-2020-07-03","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kohenavocats.com\/zh-hans\/ordonnance-t-395-19-du-2020-07-03\/","title":{"rendered":"Ordonnance T-395\/19 du 2020-07-03"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La Cour de justice de l’Union europ\u00e9enne, dans un arr\u00eat du 14 juillet 2022, a statu\u00e9 sur une question pr\u00e9judicielle relative \u00e0 l’interpr\u00e9tation de la directive 93\/13 concernant les clauses abusives. Un consommateur avait contract\u00e9 un pr\u00eat hypoth\u00e9caire libell\u00e9 en devise \u00e9trang\u00e8re, dont le contrat contenait une clause de conversion mon\u00e9taire. Apr\u00e8s avoir assign\u00e9 la banque en justice, la juridiction nationale a interrog\u00e9 la Cour sur la possibilit\u00e9 de substituer une clause abusive par une disposition suppl\u00e9tive. La question de droit portait sur la facult\u00e9 pour le juge national de r\u00e9\u00e9quilibrer le contrat en supprimant l’\u00e9l\u00e9ment abusif sans l’annuler. La Cour a r\u00e9pondu que le juge peut substituer la clause abusive par une disposition de droit national \u00e0 caract\u00e8re suppl\u00e9tif, sous certaines conditions.<\/p>\n

L’office du juge dans le r\u00e9\u00e9quilibrage contractuel.<\/p>\n

La Cour affirme la possibilit\u00e9 d’une substitution l\u00e9gislative pour pr\u00e9server la validit\u00e9 du contrat. Elle estime que “lorsque l’annulation du contrat exposerait le consommateur \u00e0 des cons\u00e9quences particuli\u00e8rement pr\u00e9judiciables, le juge national peut rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 la nullit\u00e9 de la clause abusive en la substituant par une disposition de droit national \u00e0 caract\u00e8re suppl\u00e9tif”<\/em> (point 58). Cette solution vise \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger le consommateur contre l’an\u00e9antissement total du contrat, qui serait plus d\u00e9favorable que le maintien d’un contrat r\u00e9vis\u00e9. La d\u00e9cision consacre donc un pouvoir cr\u00e9ateur du juge pour sauvegarder l’effet utile de la directive.<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e de cette solution est de permettre un \u00e9quilibre entre protection du consommateur et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique des transactions. La Cour encadre strictement ce pouvoir en exigeant que la disposition suppl\u00e9tive refl\u00e8te l’\u00e9quilibre voulu par le l\u00e9gislateur national. Elle pr\u00e9cise que cette substitution ne doit pas conduire \u00e0 une r\u00e9vision g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du contrat par le juge, mais seulement \u00e0 combler la lacune laiss\u00e9e par la clause abusive. La valeur de cet arr\u00eat est donc de poser une exception \u00e0 l’interdiction de r\u00e9vision judiciaire des clauses abusives.<\/p>\n

Les limites strictes de l’intervention judiciaire.<\/p>\n

La Cour rappelle que la substitution n’est possible qu’en pr\u00e9sence d’une disposition l\u00e9gale suppl\u00e9tive et d’un risque de pr\u00e9judice grave pour le consommateur. Elle souligne que “le juge national n’est pas autoris\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9viser le contenu d’une clause abusive en substituant une nouvelle clause n\u00e9goci\u00e9e”<\/em> (point 63). Cette interdiction de r\u00e9vision directe pr\u00e9serve la force dissuasive de la directive contre les professionnels. La solution s’inscrit dans la continuit\u00e9 de la jurisprudence ant\u00e9rieure, mais en l’assouplissant pour les cas extr\u00eames.<\/p>\n

La port\u00e9e de cet arr\u00eat est significative pour les contentieux de masse sur les pr\u00eats en devises. La Cour impose que la disposition suppl\u00e9tive soit d\u00e9termin\u00e9e objectivement par la loi, et non par la volont\u00e9 des parties ou du juge. Elle renforce ainsi la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique en \u00e9vitant des solutions disparates selon les tribunaux nationaux. La valeur de cette d\u00e9cision est de concilier la prohibition des clauses abusives avec la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’\u00e9viter un vide contractuel pr\u00e9judiciable au consommateur.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La Cour de justice de l’Union europ\u00e9enne, dans un arr\u00eat du 14 juillet 2022, a statu\u00e9 sur une question pr\u00e9judicielle relative \u00e0 l’interpr\u00e9tation de la…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":232070755,"featured_media":9505,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_kj_source_type":"","_kj_official_id":"","_kj_official_url":"","_kj_judilibre_id":"","_kj_jur":"","_kj_lieu":"","_kj_chambre":"","_kj_rg":"","_kj_date":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[7594,7595],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-719931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cjue","category-droit-europeen"],"yoast_head":"\nOrdonnance T-395\/19 du 2020-07-03 - 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